Friday, 11 October 2019
Thursday, 10 October 2019
Indian writing English literature
Assignment
Paper: 4
Indian writing in English(pre- independence)
Name: payal chudasama
Sem: :1 M.A.(with English)
Batch year : 2019-21
Enrollment no:2069108020200005
Email I’d: cudasmapayal1997@gamil. Com
Submitted to : Dr. Dilip Barad sir smt. S.B. Gardi English Department of Bhavanagar
Topic: Discuss about kanthanthapura novel.
☆ About writer :
Sir k. Rao born in 8 November 1908 and he was died in 8 July 2oo6. He was an Indian writer of English language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in Metaphysics. “The serpent and the Rope" published in 1960. A semi- autobiographical novel recounting a search for spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian prose stylists and won the sahitya Academy award in1964. For the entire body of his work, Rao was awarded the Neustadt international prize for literature in 1988. His notable works are:
[1] “Kanthanthapura” (1938)
[2] “ The serpent and the Rope" 1960
☆ About novel:
Raja Rao written by “ kanthanthapura.” This his first book and this book is best known novel. “Kanthanthapura” published in 1938. Is the story of a south Indian village named kanthanthapura. The novel is narrated in the form of a sthala piranha by an old woman of this village. In this novel Raja Rao describe the castesist system. Traditional festival celebration in village. The village is believed to be produced by a local deity named kanchamma. Kanchamma is the central character of this novel kanchamma tell the story. So kanchamma is the narrator of this novel. And also widow woman. The novel “kanthanthapura” Raja Rao is a tale of uprising and overcoming oppression in indian society In the town of kanthanthapura, the people are very oppressed and the British invade ,making thing significantly worse.
☆ Introduction of character:
{1} Achakka:
Achakka is the narrator of this novel. Achakka is a woman from the village of kanthanthapura . She reveals little about herself ,but she is an elder and Brahmin who is very familiar with everyone in her village. She sympathizes with the Brahmins who see Moorthy's belief in equality as a form of pollution, but later in the book she helps lead the woman's rebellion against the colonial police forces. Achakka ’s stream of consciousness style of narration.
{2} Moorthy:
Moorthy is the protagonist character of this novel and he was leader of kanthanthapura villagers. Moorthy ‘s character compared with Gandhi. This character is most Important character in this novel.
{3} Rangamma:
Rangamma is a widow in kanthanthapura novel. Who becomes the Gandhian movement’s secondary leader after her close confidant Moorthy. She is symbol if erosion of the caste system.
{4} Ratna:
Ratna is the daughter of kamalamma. She is young girl . Her husband died and soon after she married him at the age of ten. After becomes a widow .
{5} Bhatta:
He was powerful man and he was also businessman. Who is amasses land and power in kanthanthapura.
{6} Patel Range Gowda:
He is kanthanthapura’ village Patel. And he was government representative, village headman and also landholders. In kanthanthapura village “ Nothing can be done without Range Godawa.”
{7} The swami :
The regional religious leader based in the city of Mysore who supports the Brahmin’s campaign against Moorthy’s Gandhian movement.
☆ Theme of this novel :
Raja Rao give the many central ideas of this novel. Let’s see the idea if this novel.
[1] Theme of Rules and regulations :
Rules and regulations is the most important theme of this novel . See the this novel Achakka is the character of this novel. She is widow. She is follow to the rules and regulations. Same situation like Indian woman . You can see the Ramayana epic . Sita always follows to the rule . In India many rules like satipratha , untouchability , caste system, child marriage . I have listen for girl (બાળકીને દૂધ પીતી કરવી.) Woman always struggle in life .
[2]Theme of untouchability:
This theme is the most important theme in this novel. Upper caste is untouched lower caste. This is rule and lower caste always struggle with caste . And also we can see the work is divided in caste . I have comparison with one movie Article 15 is the best example of the this theme.
[3] Theme of Gandhian view : Leadership):
We can see the life of Gandhi. And Raja Rao the represent the novel “kanthanthapura” Moorthy is character of this novel . This character compared with Gandhi . And accept of Gandhian thought. Moorthy is give the best role in this novel so this theme is most important theme
[4] Theme of caste system:
This theme is represent the caste system. Structure of caste in India. This divided in fourth part. And we can see caste marriage is not possible in India because rule is important . Rarely caste marriage is possible. I have mention one book like chatan Bhagwat’s book name" Two state" This book story is love story . And thus book suggest caste marriage.
[5] Theme of Nationalism and colonialism:
Throughout of the novel kanthanthapura we can see the colonialism. Raja Rao represent the this idea. Gandhian nationalist villagers, who have largely ceased worrying about caste nonviolently resist the British colonial government in the name of the Indian nation. Gandhism inspires kanthanthapura’ s residents to fight against the oppression of the British colonial government in the name of India, a mythical nation to come out of a sense if loyalty to a teacher and population that the have never encountered and likely never will. However, the way that Gandhism exerts power over them largely resembles the way colonial government rules from without. For the Indian people, resisting an oppressive and far -reaching colonial. Gandhian political thoughts teaching come in the guise of traditional religious terms and it stirs he village folk. Gandhian secularism and spiritual nationalism in intends to end the rigid social caste based structure and unite all the masses common religion, which should be full of truth and love . The novelist delineates Gandhian impact on Indian villages presenting the kanthanthapura. Though the narration of an old woman, the novelist has portrayed Gandhi as Rama ,Krishna and Shiva whose birth has a divine significance. She narrates .
‘I Brahma you who have sent us the prince ... incarnate on the Earth and free my beloved daughter from her enforced slavery.’ The novel also treats Gandhi as a divine reincarnation of Shiva from shivapurana.
[6] Theme of religious v/s modernism:
This theme is major theme. Now we can see the present situation . What is people follow the religious rule ? In this novel Raja Rao describe the religious factor. We are all know about religious. In village ‘a people believes in religious. For example we can see the religious festival . (Shitala satam, navratri etc.) Means believe on god. The people of kanthanthapura were ignorant, poor and superstitious but they have a strong faith in religion. They have a deep faith in Goodness ‘kanchamma.’ She believed to be in the centre of the village. It is strongly believed that marriage, sickness, death, ploughing harvesting, arrest , release all are watched by Kenchamma.
☆ Symbol of this novel:
<1> kanchamma Hill :
According to village lore, the kanchamma Hill near kanthanthapura is red because the goddess kanchamma fought off an evil demon there , and the blood from the battle soaked the hill. Kenchamma Hill offers kanthanthapura’s residents physical proof of their goddess's providence for them and demonstrates the way
The village’s traditional religious is grounded in the landscape and topography of its surroundings. The hill is an important directional landmark for kanthanthapura ‘s people pass it on their travels as passing the hill demonstrates that one had entered kanchamma Hill plays an important role in the villagers resistance campaign, too. Achakka believes that “no policeman could catch.” Anyone who hides out there , presumably because of kenchamma's protection. So the policeman beat protestors there just before the villagers burn kanthanthapura to the ground. In this play kanchamma hill symbolizes the villagers deep culture and physical sense of connection to the land on which their village rests. And also other symbolize the way in connection can be violently served.
<2> The River Himavathy:
The Himavathy runs through the western Ghats, nourishing its valley and the people of kanthanthapura. At the beginning of this novel Achakka explains that Himavathy .
<3> Achakka is the symbol of rules and regulations:
In India we can see the rules and regulations following to the people. Satipratha is very dangerous rules before time. But now present situation this pratha not following in India. But some rules and regulations following in present time.
☆ Concept of this novel “kanthanthapura”:
In this novel Raja Rao describe the present situation. We can see the caste system, religion, rules and regulations, idea of Gandhi etc. Kanthanthapura is full myth. Basic concept like colonialism, beliefs on God , Raja Rao describe environment of village.
☆ Conclusion:
In short, Raja Rao's novel kanthanthapura is based on Gadhian idea. Raja Rao represents conditions of India. Now present time some changes not come in India. This novel give the many ideas.
☆Reference:
1. Wikipedia
2. Spark note
Paper: 4
Indian writing in English(pre- independence)
Name: payal chudasama
Sem: :1 M.A.(with English)
Batch year : 2019-21
Enrollment no:2069108020200005
Email I’d: cudasmapayal1997@gamil. Com
Submitted to : Dr. Dilip Barad sir smt. S.B. Gardi English Department of Bhavanagar
Topic: Discuss about kanthanthapura novel.
☆ About writer :
Sir k. Rao born in 8 November 1908 and he was died in 8 July 2oo6. He was an Indian writer of English language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in Metaphysics. “The serpent and the Rope" published in 1960. A semi- autobiographical novel recounting a search for spiritual truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian prose stylists and won the sahitya Academy award in1964. For the entire body of his work, Rao was awarded the Neustadt international prize for literature in 1988. His notable works are:
[1] “Kanthanthapura” (1938)
[2] “ The serpent and the Rope" 1960
☆ About novel:
Raja Rao written by “ kanthanthapura.” This his first book and this book is best known novel. “Kanthanthapura” published in 1938. Is the story of a south Indian village named kanthanthapura. The novel is narrated in the form of a sthala piranha by an old woman of this village. In this novel Raja Rao describe the castesist system. Traditional festival celebration in village. The village is believed to be produced by a local deity named kanchamma. Kanchamma is the central character of this novel kanchamma tell the story. So kanchamma is the narrator of this novel. And also widow woman. The novel “kanthanthapura” Raja Rao is a tale of uprising and overcoming oppression in indian society In the town of kanthanthapura, the people are very oppressed and the British invade ,making thing significantly worse.
☆ Introduction of character:
{1} Achakka:
Achakka is the narrator of this novel. Achakka is a woman from the village of kanthanthapura . She reveals little about herself ,but she is an elder and Brahmin who is very familiar with everyone in her village. She sympathizes with the Brahmins who see Moorthy's belief in equality as a form of pollution, but later in the book she helps lead the woman's rebellion against the colonial police forces. Achakka ’s stream of consciousness style of narration.
{2} Moorthy:
Moorthy is the protagonist character of this novel and he was leader of kanthanthapura villagers. Moorthy ‘s character compared with Gandhi. This character is most Important character in this novel.
{3} Rangamma:
Rangamma is a widow in kanthanthapura novel. Who becomes the Gandhian movement’s secondary leader after her close confidant Moorthy. She is symbol if erosion of the caste system.
{4} Ratna:
Ratna is the daughter of kamalamma. She is young girl . Her husband died and soon after she married him at the age of ten. After becomes a widow .
{5} Bhatta:
He was powerful man and he was also businessman. Who is amasses land and power in kanthanthapura.
{6} Patel Range Gowda:
He is kanthanthapura’ village Patel. And he was government representative, village headman and also landholders. In kanthanthapura village “ Nothing can be done without Range Godawa.”
{7} The swami :
The regional religious leader based in the city of Mysore who supports the Brahmin’s campaign against Moorthy’s Gandhian movement.
☆ Theme of this novel :
Raja Rao give the many central ideas of this novel. Let’s see the idea if this novel.
[1] Theme of Rules and regulations :
Rules and regulations is the most important theme of this novel . See the this novel Achakka is the character of this novel. She is widow. She is follow to the rules and regulations. Same situation like Indian woman . You can see the Ramayana epic . Sita always follows to the rule . In India many rules like satipratha , untouchability , caste system, child marriage . I have listen for girl (બાળકીને દૂધ પીતી કરવી.) Woman always struggle in life .
[2]Theme of untouchability:
This theme is the most important theme in this novel. Upper caste is untouched lower caste. This is rule and lower caste always struggle with caste . And also we can see the work is divided in caste . I have comparison with one movie Article 15 is the best example of the this theme.
[3] Theme of Gandhian view : Leadership):
We can see the life of Gandhi. And Raja Rao the represent the novel “kanthanthapura” Moorthy is character of this novel . This character compared with Gandhi . And accept of Gandhian thought. Moorthy is give the best role in this novel so this theme is most important theme
[4] Theme of caste system:
This theme is represent the caste system. Structure of caste in India. This divided in fourth part. And we can see caste marriage is not possible in India because rule is important . Rarely caste marriage is possible. I have mention one book like chatan Bhagwat’s book name" Two state" This book story is love story . And thus book suggest caste marriage.
[5] Theme of Nationalism and colonialism:
Throughout of the novel kanthanthapura we can see the colonialism. Raja Rao represent the this idea. Gandhian nationalist villagers, who have largely ceased worrying about caste nonviolently resist the British colonial government in the name of the Indian nation. Gandhism inspires kanthanthapura’ s residents to fight against the oppression of the British colonial government in the name of India, a mythical nation to come out of a sense if loyalty to a teacher and population that the have never encountered and likely never will. However, the way that Gandhism exerts power over them largely resembles the way colonial government rules from without. For the Indian people, resisting an oppressive and far -reaching colonial. Gandhian political thoughts teaching come in the guise of traditional religious terms and it stirs he village folk. Gandhian secularism and spiritual nationalism in intends to end the rigid social caste based structure and unite all the masses common religion, which should be full of truth and love . The novelist delineates Gandhian impact on Indian villages presenting the kanthanthapura. Though the narration of an old woman, the novelist has portrayed Gandhi as Rama ,Krishna and Shiva whose birth has a divine significance. She narrates .
‘I Brahma you who have sent us the prince ... incarnate on the Earth and free my beloved daughter from her enforced slavery.’ The novel also treats Gandhi as a divine reincarnation of Shiva from shivapurana.
[6] Theme of religious v/s modernism:
This theme is major theme. Now we can see the present situation . What is people follow the religious rule ? In this novel Raja Rao describe the religious factor. We are all know about religious. In village ‘a people believes in religious. For example we can see the religious festival . (Shitala satam, navratri etc.) Means believe on god. The people of kanthanthapura were ignorant, poor and superstitious but they have a strong faith in religion. They have a deep faith in Goodness ‘kanchamma.’ She believed to be in the centre of the village. It is strongly believed that marriage, sickness, death, ploughing harvesting, arrest , release all are watched by Kenchamma.
☆ Symbol of this novel:
<1> kanchamma Hill :
According to village lore, the kanchamma Hill near kanthanthapura is red because the goddess kanchamma fought off an evil demon there , and the blood from the battle soaked the hill. Kenchamma Hill offers kanthanthapura’s residents physical proof of their goddess's providence for them and demonstrates the way
The village’s traditional religious is grounded in the landscape and topography of its surroundings. The hill is an important directional landmark for kanthanthapura ‘s people pass it on their travels as passing the hill demonstrates that one had entered kanchamma Hill plays an important role in the villagers resistance campaign, too. Achakka believes that “no policeman could catch.” Anyone who hides out there , presumably because of kenchamma's protection. So the policeman beat protestors there just before the villagers burn kanthanthapura to the ground. In this play kanchamma hill symbolizes the villagers deep culture and physical sense of connection to the land on which their village rests. And also other symbolize the way in connection can be violently served.
<2> The River Himavathy:
The Himavathy runs through the western Ghats, nourishing its valley and the people of kanthanthapura. At the beginning of this novel Achakka explains that Himavathy .
<3> Achakka is the symbol of rules and regulations:
In India we can see the rules and regulations following to the people. Satipratha is very dangerous rules before time. But now present situation this pratha not following in India. But some rules and regulations following in present time.
☆ Concept of this novel “kanthanthapura”:
In this novel Raja Rao describe the present situation. We can see the caste system, religion, rules and regulations, idea of Gandhi etc. Kanthanthapura is full myth. Basic concept like colonialism, beliefs on God , Raja Rao describe environment of village.
☆ Conclusion:
In short, Raja Rao's novel kanthanthapura is based on Gadhian idea. Raja Rao represents conditions of India. Now present time some changes not come in India. This novel give the many ideas.
☆Reference:
1. Wikipedia
2. Spark note
assignment literary criticism
Assignment
Paper:3
Literary Theory and criticism-western poetics-1
Name: payal chudasama
Sem : 1 M.A. part :1
Batch:2019-21
Email I’d: chadasmapayal1997@gmail. Com
Enrollment no: 2069108020200005
Submitted to: Dr. Dilip Barad sir smt. S.B.Gardi English Department Bhavanagar
Topic: wordsworth's view on poetry
☆ Introduction of William wordsworth:
He was born in 7 April 1770 and he was died in 23 April 1850. William wordsworth was an English romantic poet, who with Samuel Coleridge, helped to launch the romantic age in English literature, and this both poet published “Lyrical Ballads.” This work published in 1798. Wordsworth was Britain’s poet literature from 1847. His famous are:
《1》 “An Evening walk”(1793)
《2》 “ Descriptive sketches” (1793)
《3》“Borders” (1795)
《4》“Lyrical Ballads” (1798)
《5》 “Selected poems" (1959)
☆ William wordsworth’ s definition on poetry:
In preface to the “ Lyrical Ballads” , William wordsworth was given by definition of poetry. “ poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling ; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” Means when poet wrote the poetry so feeling, emotion etc. Is the most important in the poetry. Sometimes emotions is overflow in the poetry. William wordsworth’s poem is nature poetry. But his poem’s concept is very different, and when poet wrote the poetry so impression is the .most important part in the poetry. The “ spontaneous overflow of the powerful feeling" on one side is emotion is recollected in tranquility on the other side are apparently two contradictory tranquility on the other side are apparently two contradictory statements. “ spontaneous overflow” must be immediate and unrestricted without any interval of time between feeling and its expression. The expression “ recollected in tranquility” would suggest intervention of time between feeling and its expression. “Recollection” means remembering some impression after some lapse of time. Wordsworth himself has tried to reconcile this apparent contradiction in his further elucidation his definition immediate impression has a blending of both important and unimportant impressions. Wordsworth is the nature poet we can see the his poetry like “ Rainbow.” This poem is nature poem. When the poet is the poetic mood sings out rapturous as sorrow spontaneously from the core of his heart. Poetry cannot be composed under duress ,the clear spring of poetry must flow freely and spontaneously. It can not be made to flow through artificial.
☆ Theme of poetry:
《1》 Theme of nature: Nature is the number one inspiration for poets. A breathtaking sunset, or a calm walk along a beach . such beautiful scenes can make a poet of anyone.
Nature is provides the ultimate good influence on the human mind. William wordsworth’ nature poem like: ‘Rainbow’, and Daffodil’ , this tow poem is very beautiful poetry. William wordsworth describes the beauty of nature. The .good relationships with nature. William wordsworth’s poetry subject most of all nature. I have example in Gujarati poem. મનમોજી વરસાદ ! ! ! કૃષ્ણ દવે
આખો અષાઢ સાવ કોરો કાઢે ને પાછો ભાદરવે વરસે ભરપૂર
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
ચણીયા ચોળી ને એમાં ટંકાયા આભલા, ને આભલામાં ટહુકે છે મોર
વાદળી ને વીજળીની તાલી દઈ દઈને એ તો ગરબે ઘૂમે છે ઘનઘોર
એવું રમે કે ગામ ડુબુ ડુબુ થાય અને ઉમટે કાંઈ જોબનના પૂર
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
સુરજ ને ચપટી વગાડીને ઓલવે ને ઓચિંતો આવી અંધારે
ટીપાંની સામે જે છત્રી ધરે ને એને છાંટે ને છાંટે ફટકારે
કોની મજાલ છે કે પલળ્યા વિનાનું કોઈ જઇ શકતું એનાથી દૂર ?
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
વરસી પડવાનું નામ ધારો કે શ્યામ છે તો ભીંજાતું હોય એ જ રાધા
અંદરથી ઊગવું તો એને કહેવાય જેની કોરા રહેવાની છૂટે બાધા
ગોકુળ ને વૃંદાવન આંખ સામે સર્જે ને સંભળાવે વાંસળીના સૂર
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
કૃષ્ણ દવે.
Some cosmic change has got tremendous impact in life. when the nature works according to her whims, we don’t know whether to enjoy the new trend or to criticise it.
KRASHNA DAVE described the different colour of the nature as if the player of navaratri appears in his beautiful costume.
The grace of God is such , no one can be left out to get wet.
The nature of Lord Krishna is to spread his blessings in the form of rain without any partiality and the nature of Radha is to get wet without any doubt. Only a man who is as tender as a dewdrop within can be transformed and certified as a real devotee to receive the showing of the almighty, then and then only you can realised. Another poem like:
વરસાદ વિના અકળાઈ ગયેલું એક ગીત ! ! !
વાદળ થઈ આવ્યા છો તોય તમે કેમ નથી વરસી પડવાનું નામ લેતા ?
આકાશે ખાલી શું રખડ્યા કરો છો ? જેમ ચૂંટણીમાં રખડે છે નેતા !
આખ્યુંમાં આસુંના વાવેતર થઈ ગ્યાં છે તમને જરાય એનો ખ્યાલ છે ?
નહીંતર ચોમાસું આવું મોઘું ના થાય , મને લાગે છે વચ્ચે દલાલ છે !
ઈશ્વર પણ રાષ્ટ્રપતિ જેવા થઈ ગ્યા છે કાન પકડીને કંઈ જ નથી કહેતા .
કાળાડીબાંગ સૂટ પ્હેરી પ્હેરીને જાણે આવ્યા છો સંસદમાં ઊંઘવા !
તરસ્યા ખેતરને જઈ પૂછો જરાક એક છાંટો મળ્યો છે એને સૂંઘવા ?
રીઢા મીનીસ્ટરની જેવા લાગો છો, નથી ઉતરમાં ટીપુંયે દેતા .
– કૃષ્ણ દવે
Krashna Dave has got tremendous creativity and imagination reflect here in this lyrical world where he rightly compares political way of the behaviour of the leaders with the nature when it goes out of natural routine and forgets the reality. He makes it clear the difference between the eternal truth and political truth.
Another his poem. પ્હેલે અક્ષર
પ્હેલે અક્ષર ઝાકળ ઘૂંટે બીજે અક્ષર ફુલ,
આ કેવી અદ્ભુત ચાલે છે બાળતરૂની સ્કૂલ.
બાળકની આંખોમાં જોયો ઘૂઘવતો સંવાદ,
ઍક્વેરિયમની માછલીઓને દરિયો આવ્યો યાદ.
એક આગિયો અંધારાને રોજ કરે હેરાન,
અર્ધી રાતે વટથી નીકળે લઈ સૂરજની શાન.
હવાય થંભી, થંભ્યા વાદળ થંભ્યા સહુનાં ચિત્ત,
મેઘલ મંડપ જળના મંચે ડ્રાઉં ડ્રાઉંનું ગીત.
હે વિહંગ શું લખું બીજું જે વૃક્ષપણાને છાજે?
પીંજરને પણ કૂંપળ ફૂટે એવાં ગીતો ગાજે.
કૃષ્ણ દવે (વાંસલડી ડૉટ કૉમ)
The use of personification and simile with perfect rhymes and rhythm are the quality of KRASHNA DAVE you use the words as if a child talks with the fairy.
Wordsworth’S poem “ Daffodil” I have include one stanza like: “I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host , of golden Daffodil.”
《2》 Theme of Childhood :
In wordsworth’s poetry, childhood is magical, magnificent time of innocence. Children from an intense bond with nature. We can see the his other poem. So part of the world and rather than apart of human , social world. For example :
“She dwelt among the untrodden way"
“ strange fits of passion have I know.” Another example of poetry . This suggests of nature. So I have give example of nature poetry.
My favorite color is navy blue,
the color of a childhood book about stars.
My father read it to me on the couch,
took me outside and showed me
the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper,
and how to find the North Star.
All of this was right in front of our house.
We looked up into the sky until it looked back.
The book said we spin without realizing it.
It told where we are in the Milky Way
but my father and I don’t know how we got here.
Neither of us mentions it.
We do not know how to do the math
on astronomical odds as big as that.
By Loueva smith.
《3》 Theme of human mind:
Wordsworth praised the power of the human mind. For example “Lines composed a few miles Above TinternAbbey.”
☆Function of poetry:
Wordsworth opinion on poetry ,poetry breath and finger spirit of all knowledge and impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science means expression is the most important in the poetry. When you are read the poetry and so readers understand your poetry .so poetry is the instrument for the society. Wordsworth’s poetry does not simply delight us, but it also teaches us deep moral lessons and brings home to us deep philosophical truths about life and and religion. In the preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth also discusses the function of poetry. The function of great poetry is "to please, to move, and to transport." The three functions of poetry fuse into an aesthetic pleasure with moral elevation. However, the moral elevation far outweighs the aesthetic pleasure. The moral function consists first 'in the refinement of feelings', second, 'in the knowledge of Man, Nature, and Human life', and third, 'in the power that makes life richer and fuller.'
"Truth, Grandeur, Beauty, Love and Hope,
And melancholy Fear subdued by Faith."
The reader of poetry emerges saner and purer than before. The second great function of poetry is to enable us to look 'into the life of things.' While science sharpens our intellect, poetry enriches our moral insight. The moral force of poetry 'is felt in the blood, and felt along the heart'. So Wordsworth says:
"Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science."
Finally, poetry provides shelter and succor to the afflicted human soul. It is a great force for good and welfare. Wordsworth's own object in writing poetry was 'to console the afflicted; to add sunshine to day light by making the happy happier; to teach the young and the gracious of every age to see, to think, and feel, and therefore to become more actively and securely virtuous.'
Thus Wordsworth concludes that 'every great poet is a teacher; I wish either to be considered as a teacher or as nothing'. In this role poetry makes man "wiser, better and happier".
☆ conclusion:
Thus , William wordsworth’s view on poetry . We can easy understand of the what is the poetry ? Impressions is part for the poet. Wordsworth give the best view on the poetry.
☆ Reference:
◇Wikipedia
◇ spark note
Paper:3
Literary Theory and criticism-western poetics-1
Name: payal chudasama
Sem : 1 M.A. part :1
Batch:2019-21
Email I’d: chadasmapayal1997@gmail. Com
Enrollment no: 2069108020200005
Submitted to: Dr. Dilip Barad sir smt. S.B.Gardi English Department Bhavanagar
Topic: wordsworth's view on poetry
☆ Introduction of William wordsworth:
He was born in 7 April 1770 and he was died in 23 April 1850. William wordsworth was an English romantic poet, who with Samuel Coleridge, helped to launch the romantic age in English literature, and this both poet published “Lyrical Ballads.” This work published in 1798. Wordsworth was Britain’s poet literature from 1847. His famous are:
《1》 “An Evening walk”(1793)
《2》 “ Descriptive sketches” (1793)
《3》“Borders” (1795)
《4》“Lyrical Ballads” (1798)
《5》 “Selected poems" (1959)
☆ William wordsworth’ s definition on poetry:
In preface to the “ Lyrical Ballads” , William wordsworth was given by definition of poetry. “ poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling ; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” Means when poet wrote the poetry so feeling, emotion etc. Is the most important in the poetry. Sometimes emotions is overflow in the poetry. William wordsworth’s poem is nature poetry. But his poem’s concept is very different, and when poet wrote the poetry so impression is the .most important part in the poetry. The “ spontaneous overflow of the powerful feeling" on one side is emotion is recollected in tranquility on the other side are apparently two contradictory tranquility on the other side are apparently two contradictory statements. “ spontaneous overflow” must be immediate and unrestricted without any interval of time between feeling and its expression. The expression “ recollected in tranquility” would suggest intervention of time between feeling and its expression. “Recollection” means remembering some impression after some lapse of time. Wordsworth himself has tried to reconcile this apparent contradiction in his further elucidation his definition immediate impression has a blending of both important and unimportant impressions. Wordsworth is the nature poet we can see the his poetry like “ Rainbow.” This poem is nature poem. When the poet is the poetic mood sings out rapturous as sorrow spontaneously from the core of his heart. Poetry cannot be composed under duress ,the clear spring of poetry must flow freely and spontaneously. It can not be made to flow through artificial.
☆ Theme of poetry:
《1》 Theme of nature: Nature is the number one inspiration for poets. A breathtaking sunset, or a calm walk along a beach . such beautiful scenes can make a poet of anyone.
Nature is provides the ultimate good influence on the human mind. William wordsworth’ nature poem like: ‘Rainbow’, and Daffodil’ , this tow poem is very beautiful poetry. William wordsworth describes the beauty of nature. The .good relationships with nature. William wordsworth’s poetry subject most of all nature. I have example in Gujarati poem. મનમોજી વરસાદ ! ! ! કૃષ્ણ દવે
આખો અષાઢ સાવ કોરો કાઢે ને પાછો ભાદરવે વરસે ભરપૂર
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
ચણીયા ચોળી ને એમાં ટંકાયા આભલા, ને આભલામાં ટહુકે છે મોર
વાદળી ને વીજળીની તાલી દઈ દઈને એ તો ગરબે ઘૂમે છે ઘનઘોર
એવું રમે કે ગામ ડુબુ ડુબુ થાય અને ઉમટે કાંઈ જોબનના પૂર
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
સુરજ ને ચપટી વગાડીને ઓલવે ને ઓચિંતો આવી અંધારે
ટીપાંની સામે જે છત્રી ધરે ને એને છાંટે ને છાંટે ફટકારે
કોની મજાલ છે કે પલળ્યા વિનાનું કોઈ જઇ શકતું એનાથી દૂર ?
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
વરસી પડવાનું નામ ધારો કે શ્યામ છે તો ભીંજાતું હોય એ જ રાધા
અંદરથી ઊગવું તો એને કહેવાય જેની કોરા રહેવાની છૂટે બાધા
ગોકુળ ને વૃંદાવન આંખ સામે સર્જે ને સંભળાવે વાંસળીના સૂર
એવો તો મનમોજી થઈ ગ્યો વરસાદ જુએ નોરતાં ને થાય ગાંડોતૂર
કૃષ્ણ દવે.
Some cosmic change has got tremendous impact in life. when the nature works according to her whims, we don’t know whether to enjoy the new trend or to criticise it.
KRASHNA DAVE described the different colour of the nature as if the player of navaratri appears in his beautiful costume.
The grace of God is such , no one can be left out to get wet.
The nature of Lord Krishna is to spread his blessings in the form of rain without any partiality and the nature of Radha is to get wet without any doubt. Only a man who is as tender as a dewdrop within can be transformed and certified as a real devotee to receive the showing of the almighty, then and then only you can realised. Another poem like:
વરસાદ વિના અકળાઈ ગયેલું એક ગીત ! ! !
વાદળ થઈ આવ્યા છો તોય તમે કેમ નથી વરસી પડવાનું નામ લેતા ?
આકાશે ખાલી શું રખડ્યા કરો છો ? જેમ ચૂંટણીમાં રખડે છે નેતા !
આખ્યુંમાં આસુંના વાવેતર થઈ ગ્યાં છે તમને જરાય એનો ખ્યાલ છે ?
નહીંતર ચોમાસું આવું મોઘું ના થાય , મને લાગે છે વચ્ચે દલાલ છે !
ઈશ્વર પણ રાષ્ટ્રપતિ જેવા થઈ ગ્યા છે કાન પકડીને કંઈ જ નથી કહેતા .
કાળાડીબાંગ સૂટ પ્હેરી પ્હેરીને જાણે આવ્યા છો સંસદમાં ઊંઘવા !
તરસ્યા ખેતરને જઈ પૂછો જરાક એક છાંટો મળ્યો છે એને સૂંઘવા ?
રીઢા મીનીસ્ટરની જેવા લાગો છો, નથી ઉતરમાં ટીપુંયે દેતા .
– કૃષ્ણ દવે
Krashna Dave has got tremendous creativity and imagination reflect here in this lyrical world where he rightly compares political way of the behaviour of the leaders with the nature when it goes out of natural routine and forgets the reality. He makes it clear the difference between the eternal truth and political truth.
Another his poem. પ્હેલે અક્ષર
પ્હેલે અક્ષર ઝાકળ ઘૂંટે બીજે અક્ષર ફુલ,
આ કેવી અદ્ભુત ચાલે છે બાળતરૂની સ્કૂલ.
બાળકની આંખોમાં જોયો ઘૂઘવતો સંવાદ,
ઍક્વેરિયમની માછલીઓને દરિયો આવ્યો યાદ.
એક આગિયો અંધારાને રોજ કરે હેરાન,
અર્ધી રાતે વટથી નીકળે લઈ સૂરજની શાન.
હવાય થંભી, થંભ્યા વાદળ થંભ્યા સહુનાં ચિત્ત,
મેઘલ મંડપ જળના મંચે ડ્રાઉં ડ્રાઉંનું ગીત.
હે વિહંગ શું લખું બીજું જે વૃક્ષપણાને છાજે?
પીંજરને પણ કૂંપળ ફૂટે એવાં ગીતો ગાજે.
કૃષ્ણ દવે (વાંસલડી ડૉટ કૉમ)
The use of personification and simile with perfect rhymes and rhythm are the quality of KRASHNA DAVE you use the words as if a child talks with the fairy.
Wordsworth’S poem “ Daffodil” I have include one stanza like: “I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host , of golden Daffodil.”
《2》 Theme of Childhood :
In wordsworth’s poetry, childhood is magical, magnificent time of innocence. Children from an intense bond with nature. We can see the his other poem. So part of the world and rather than apart of human , social world. For example :
“She dwelt among the untrodden way"
“ strange fits of passion have I know.” Another example of poetry . This suggests of nature. So I have give example of nature poetry.
My favorite color is navy blue,
the color of a childhood book about stars.
My father read it to me on the couch,
took me outside and showed me
the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper,
and how to find the North Star.
All of this was right in front of our house.
We looked up into the sky until it looked back.
The book said we spin without realizing it.
It told where we are in the Milky Way
but my father and I don’t know how we got here.
Neither of us mentions it.
We do not know how to do the math
on astronomical odds as big as that.
By Loueva smith.
《3》 Theme of human mind:
Wordsworth praised the power of the human mind. For example “Lines composed a few miles Above TinternAbbey.”
☆Function of poetry:
Wordsworth opinion on poetry ,poetry breath and finger spirit of all knowledge and impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science means expression is the most important in the poetry. When you are read the poetry and so readers understand your poetry .so poetry is the instrument for the society. Wordsworth’s poetry does not simply delight us, but it also teaches us deep moral lessons and brings home to us deep philosophical truths about life and and religion. In the preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth also discusses the function of poetry. The function of great poetry is "to please, to move, and to transport." The three functions of poetry fuse into an aesthetic pleasure with moral elevation. However, the moral elevation far outweighs the aesthetic pleasure. The moral function consists first 'in the refinement of feelings', second, 'in the knowledge of Man, Nature, and Human life', and third, 'in the power that makes life richer and fuller.'
"Truth, Grandeur, Beauty, Love and Hope,
And melancholy Fear subdued by Faith."
The reader of poetry emerges saner and purer than before. The second great function of poetry is to enable us to look 'into the life of things.' While science sharpens our intellect, poetry enriches our moral insight. The moral force of poetry 'is felt in the blood, and felt along the heart'. So Wordsworth says:
"Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science."
Finally, poetry provides shelter and succor to the afflicted human soul. It is a great force for good and welfare. Wordsworth's own object in writing poetry was 'to console the afflicted; to add sunshine to day light by making the happy happier; to teach the young and the gracious of every age to see, to think, and feel, and therefore to become more actively and securely virtuous.'
Thus Wordsworth concludes that 'every great poet is a teacher; I wish either to be considered as a teacher or as nothing'. In this role poetry makes man "wiser, better and happier".
☆ conclusion:
Thus , William wordsworth’s view on poetry . We can easy understand of the what is the poetry ? Impressions is part for the poet. Wordsworth give the best view on the poetry.
☆ Reference:
◇Wikipedia
◇ spark note
Neo -classical literature:paper
Assignment
Paper : 2
Neoclassical literature
Name: payal chudasama
Roll no: 24
Sem: 1 M.A. with English
Batch Year: 2019-21
Email: chudasmapayal1997@gmail. Com
Enrollment no: 2069108420200005
Submitted to:Dr. Dilip Bard sir Amt S.B.Gardi English Department Bhavanagar
Topic: character sketch Gulliver in novel.
☆ Discuss about character of Gulliver.
● Introduction of Gulliver character:
Gulliver is the fictional character. He is protagonist character of the novel,and also he is narrator of “Gulliver’s travels” this novel written by Jonathan swift . This book first published in 1726. Gulliver’s journey begin in 1699 and end in 1716. Gulliver is the undistinguished third of five sons of a man of very modest person He is good person but unimaginative. Gulliver was born in Nottinghamshire, a sedate county without eccentricity.
● Quality of Gulliver in this novel:
Gulliver is honest man. Gulliver is also expected “ gullible.” He believes what he told ?
●Gulliver is good person:
Lemuel Gulliver is central character of “Gulliver’s travel” Lemuel Gulliver is the star of this novel. In fact he is narrator in this novel. Gulliver is the symbol of travel and struggle for travels.
● Gulliver character is symbol adventure:
Throughout of the novel Gulliver is struggle in travel. His four journey is successful journeys. About my opinion on this character compared with some sentence “Nothing is impossible in world" and “ the beginning is the most important in the work”, another sentence like “A journey of thousand mile with single step.”
● Four journeys of Lamuel Gulliver’s life:
(1) First journey of Lamuel Gulliver ‘life:
Gulliver was the third of five sons and went to Emmanuel college in Cambridge. He became an apprentice, to Mr Bates with whom he worked for four years. However, Gulliver loved to travel. His reason for studying medicine was because it would be useful when he undertook long voyages. He married and settled down to family life, occasionally going on long voyages as the ship’s physician one of his voyages was upon the south sea in a ship called the Antelope . A violent storm drove them to the north-west of Van Diemen's Land , dashing the ship against the rocks causing most of his shipments to perish. Gulliver was washed ashore by the stormy waves and fell asleep exhausted. When he work up he found that his arms , legs hair had been tied down. There was a confused noise all round and he found many creatures resembling humans, of about six inches in h5 surrounding him. His loud shout frightened them and he could not understand their language They shot little arrows at him ev5 as he struggled to free himself. He convinced them that he was a peace loving man. When he indicated to them that he was hungry, several ladders were placed at his side and they fed him great quantity of meat ,and barrels of wine, all in miniature sizes. A messenger from the king spoke to Gulliver and said he had to be a prisoner and would be treated well .The carpenters and engineers among them worked tirelessly to produce the greatest carriage possible which could transport Gulliver. Gulliver was taken I the vehicle to a an ancient temple, the largest in the kingdom which could house him. To transport Gulliver in the carriage, it required five hundred engineers, nine hundred workers, fifteen hundred horses and five hundred guards.
The countryside looked like a garden with small fields, flowerbeds and woods ,and the town seemed a painted picture to Gulliver. At the order of the Emperor who taller than his subjects by almost the ‘ breadth of Gulliver’s nail’, enormous qualities of food and drink, by Lilliputians standards, were supplied to Gulliver. The European personally supervised its dispensation. The council of ministers and the European did consider starving or poisoning him but surmised that the huge rotting carcass would have caused a plague . Gulliver had been kind to several things who tormented him and did not give them any punishment except scaring them away. His magnanimity found favour with the king who decided to treat him well. More comforts were ordered for Gulliver, more persons were deputed to look after his needs and he was also taught their language. Gulliver’s pockets were searched and the contents listed. Although the Lilliputians did not know the value or use of these items, they were away to be returned to him at a later date. 3 remained his spectacle and a pocket perspective in pravate pocket. Gulliver’s gentleness and tolerance won the goodwill of the European, court and the army. Even people began to fear him less and were at ease in his company.Gulliver wanted his liberty and tried to win the friendship of the natives as he had learnt their language as well. He was entertained by the Emperor with several of the country shows, the most notable being that of the rope- dancers. Very often the ministers were also expected to undergo a trial of dexterity with sticks held by the Emperor over which they had to jump. They were apparently rewarded with coloured silken threads, each colour denoting a particular status. Gulliver’s petitions of liberty were acceded to by the king's court. He had to fulfil certain conditions prescribed by their laws which he agreed to and his chains were unlocked. Gulliver’s request to see Mildendo, the metropolis, was granted. Gulliver’s help to defend the Europeror and state was sought and he readily agreed even though he did not want to interfere in the internal affairs of the country.
● Second journey of Gulliver’s life:
After two months after his return his country. In the second journey of Gulliver want to Brobdingnag, which is a land of Giant and he is as small as the Lilliputians were to him. So, naturally Gulliver is scared but his keepers are surprisingly gentle. He gets humiliated by the king when he forced to see the difference between how England is and how it ought to be. Gulliver soon understands that he must have been very revolting to the Lilliputians.
● Third journey of Gulliver’s life:
Gulliver was filled with wonder at the Laputians who were rather strange in their shapes, habits and countenances. The floating island of about ten thousand acres depended on a huge loadstone to lift up and bring it down and move from one place to another. Since Gulliver was not well – versed in mathematics or music in which the knowledge of the Laputian was superior , he was held in contempt and Was ignored. Gulliver interacted only with common people such as women, tradesmen, flippers, and court pages. Gulliver was to go to Lagado . Gulliver visited the Academy of projectors where scientists were involved in conducting various experiments which included excrement to sunbeams from cucumbers, reducing human excrement to it’s original food
. Gulliver decided to leave Laputa and set out for Laggnagg . Gulliver sailed to Laggnagg. A dangerous voyage. Gulliver was delighted with this information and thought that if he were to be born a struldbrugg he would be a an oracle and a living treasury of knowledge and wisdom. Gulliver left Lunggnagg with letters from the king to the Emperor of Japan. Gulliver again set sail in the Adventure, this time as a navigator and not as a surgeon. His recruits from Barbados turned out to be rogues who threw him out of the ship. Gulliver learnt from them the word ‘ Yahoo' pronounced like the weighing of a horse and also the word ‘Houyhnhnms.’
● Fourth (last) journey of Gulliver’s life:
Gulliver was eager to the language of the Houyhnhnms. A sorrel nag taught him to speak the language well. This enabled Gulliver to explain to the Houyhnhnms about his land .However, he always remained fully clothed for fear of being mistaken for a Yahoo who resembled humans. Since Yahoos were odious animals, he did not want to be mistaken for them in any case. Gulliver on being questioned revealed everything about life in England. Gulliver related in detail the nature, reasons and the results of war in England. Millions of Yahoos were killed as a result. His perplexity deepened when Gulliver told him how the law could ruin people. Gulliver also revealed that money could perform any feat in Yahoo land and that the lack of it led people to rob, cheat, steal, pimp and whore as the case may be. The master was totally at a loss to understand this phenomenon. In this forth part suggests corruption of human . Gulliver’s master gave him a vivid account of what transpired at the Assembly. The Yahoos were considered the filthy, noisy and deformed animals of nature that had accidentally stumbled into their country. Gulliver had settled down comfortably and happily in the land of the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver was grief- stricken. Gulliver reached New Holland safely as there were no storms or mishaps at sea. Gulliver was unable to tolerate the sight and behaviour of the English Yahoos. He was all admiration for the Houyhnhnms and hoped to instruct his family about their virtues. He felt he could not tolerate humanity’s pride would not allow any person with this absurd vice to come near him.
●conclusion:
In short, Gulliver is significance character. Throughout of the novel Gulliver always become the good person. Finally fourth journeys is successful journeys.And Gulliver character is symbol of travel.
Paper : 2
Neoclassical literature
Name: payal chudasama
Roll no: 24
Sem: 1 M.A. with English
Batch Year: 2019-21
Email: chudasmapayal1997@gmail. Com
Enrollment no: 2069108420200005
Submitted to:Dr. Dilip Bard sir Amt S.B.Gardi English Department Bhavanagar
Topic: character sketch Gulliver in novel.
☆ Discuss about character of Gulliver.
● Introduction of Gulliver character:
Gulliver is the fictional character. He is protagonist character of the novel,and also he is narrator of “Gulliver’s travels” this novel written by Jonathan swift . This book first published in 1726. Gulliver’s journey begin in 1699 and end in 1716. Gulliver is the undistinguished third of five sons of a man of very modest person He is good person but unimaginative. Gulliver was born in Nottinghamshire, a sedate county without eccentricity.
● Quality of Gulliver in this novel:
Gulliver is honest man. Gulliver is also expected “ gullible.” He believes what he told ?
●Gulliver is good person:
Lemuel Gulliver is central character of “Gulliver’s travel” Lemuel Gulliver is the star of this novel. In fact he is narrator in this novel. Gulliver is the symbol of travel and struggle for travels.
● Gulliver character is symbol adventure:
Throughout of the novel Gulliver is struggle in travel. His four journey is successful journeys. About my opinion on this character compared with some sentence “Nothing is impossible in world" and “ the beginning is the most important in the work”, another sentence like “A journey of thousand mile with single step.”
● Four journeys of Lamuel Gulliver’s life:
(1) First journey of Lamuel Gulliver ‘life:
Gulliver was the third of five sons and went to Emmanuel college in Cambridge. He became an apprentice, to Mr Bates with whom he worked for four years. However, Gulliver loved to travel. His reason for studying medicine was because it would be useful when he undertook long voyages. He married and settled down to family life, occasionally going on long voyages as the ship’s physician one of his voyages was upon the south sea in a ship called the Antelope . A violent storm drove them to the north-west of Van Diemen's Land , dashing the ship against the rocks causing most of his shipments to perish. Gulliver was washed ashore by the stormy waves and fell asleep exhausted. When he work up he found that his arms , legs hair had been tied down. There was a confused noise all round and he found many creatures resembling humans, of about six inches in h5 surrounding him. His loud shout frightened them and he could not understand their language They shot little arrows at him ev5 as he struggled to free himself. He convinced them that he was a peace loving man. When he indicated to them that he was hungry, several ladders were placed at his side and they fed him great quantity of meat ,and barrels of wine, all in miniature sizes. A messenger from the king spoke to Gulliver and said he had to be a prisoner and would be treated well .The carpenters and engineers among them worked tirelessly to produce the greatest carriage possible which could transport Gulliver. Gulliver was taken I the vehicle to a an ancient temple, the largest in the kingdom which could house him. To transport Gulliver in the carriage, it required five hundred engineers, nine hundred workers, fifteen hundred horses and five hundred guards.
The countryside looked like a garden with small fields, flowerbeds and woods ,and the town seemed a painted picture to Gulliver. At the order of the Emperor who taller than his subjects by almost the ‘ breadth of Gulliver’s nail’, enormous qualities of food and drink, by Lilliputians standards, were supplied to Gulliver. The European personally supervised its dispensation. The council of ministers and the European did consider starving or poisoning him but surmised that the huge rotting carcass would have caused a plague . Gulliver had been kind to several things who tormented him and did not give them any punishment except scaring them away. His magnanimity found favour with the king who decided to treat him well. More comforts were ordered for Gulliver, more persons were deputed to look after his needs and he was also taught their language. Gulliver’s pockets were searched and the contents listed. Although the Lilliputians did not know the value or use of these items, they were away to be returned to him at a later date. 3 remained his spectacle and a pocket perspective in pravate pocket. Gulliver’s gentleness and tolerance won the goodwill of the European, court and the army. Even people began to fear him less and were at ease in his company.Gulliver wanted his liberty and tried to win the friendship of the natives as he had learnt their language as well. He was entertained by the Emperor with several of the country shows, the most notable being that of the rope- dancers. Very often the ministers were also expected to undergo a trial of dexterity with sticks held by the Emperor over which they had to jump. They were apparently rewarded with coloured silken threads, each colour denoting a particular status. Gulliver’s petitions of liberty were acceded to by the king's court. He had to fulfil certain conditions prescribed by their laws which he agreed to and his chains were unlocked. Gulliver’s request to see Mildendo, the metropolis, was granted. Gulliver’s help to defend the Europeror and state was sought and he readily agreed even though he did not want to interfere in the internal affairs of the country.
● Second journey of Gulliver’s life:
After two months after his return his country. In the second journey of Gulliver want to Brobdingnag, which is a land of Giant and he is as small as the Lilliputians were to him. So, naturally Gulliver is scared but his keepers are surprisingly gentle. He gets humiliated by the king when he forced to see the difference between how England is and how it ought to be. Gulliver soon understands that he must have been very revolting to the Lilliputians.
● Third journey of Gulliver’s life:
Gulliver was filled with wonder at the Laputians who were rather strange in their shapes, habits and countenances. The floating island of about ten thousand acres depended on a huge loadstone to lift up and bring it down and move from one place to another. Since Gulliver was not well – versed in mathematics or music in which the knowledge of the Laputian was superior , he was held in contempt and Was ignored. Gulliver interacted only with common people such as women, tradesmen, flippers, and court pages. Gulliver was to go to Lagado . Gulliver visited the Academy of projectors where scientists were involved in conducting various experiments which included excrement to sunbeams from cucumbers, reducing human excrement to it’s original food
. Gulliver decided to leave Laputa and set out for Laggnagg . Gulliver sailed to Laggnagg. A dangerous voyage. Gulliver was delighted with this information and thought that if he were to be born a struldbrugg he would be a an oracle and a living treasury of knowledge and wisdom. Gulliver left Lunggnagg with letters from the king to the Emperor of Japan. Gulliver again set sail in the Adventure, this time as a navigator and not as a surgeon. His recruits from Barbados turned out to be rogues who threw him out of the ship. Gulliver learnt from them the word ‘ Yahoo' pronounced like the weighing of a horse and also the word ‘Houyhnhnms.’
● Fourth (last) journey of Gulliver’s life:
Gulliver was eager to the language of the Houyhnhnms. A sorrel nag taught him to speak the language well. This enabled Gulliver to explain to the Houyhnhnms about his land .However, he always remained fully clothed for fear of being mistaken for a Yahoo who resembled humans. Since Yahoos were odious animals, he did not want to be mistaken for them in any case. Gulliver on being questioned revealed everything about life in England. Gulliver related in detail the nature, reasons and the results of war in England. Millions of Yahoos were killed as a result. His perplexity deepened when Gulliver told him how the law could ruin people. Gulliver also revealed that money could perform any feat in Yahoo land and that the lack of it led people to rob, cheat, steal, pimp and whore as the case may be. The master was totally at a loss to understand this phenomenon. In this forth part suggests corruption of human . Gulliver’s master gave him a vivid account of what transpired at the Assembly. The Yahoos were considered the filthy, noisy and deformed animals of nature that had accidentally stumbled into their country. Gulliver had settled down comfortably and happily in the land of the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver was grief- stricken. Gulliver reached New Holland safely as there were no storms or mishaps at sea. Gulliver was unable to tolerate the sight and behaviour of the English Yahoos. He was all admiration for the Houyhnhnms and hoped to instruct his family about their virtues. He felt he could not tolerate humanity’s pride would not allow any person with this absurd vice to come near him.
●conclusion:
In short, Gulliver is significance character. Throughout of the novel Gulliver always become the good person. Finally fourth journeys is successful journeys.And Gulliver character is symbol of travel.
Renaissance literature
Assignment
Paper :1
The Renaissance literature
Name : payal chudasama
Roll no:24
Sem: 1 M.A. part : 1
Batch: 2019-21
Email I’d:
chudasmapayal1997@gmail.com
Enrollment no: 2069108020200005
Submitted to:Dr. Dilip Barad sir smt.S.B Gardi English Department bhavanagar.
Topic : Discuss about the “Hamlet” play.
☆ Introduction of “Hamlet” play:
Hamlet is the first tragedy in Shakespeare's series of great tragedies which is believed to be published in between 1601 and 1603. This play is one of his successful, perfect and best plays ever known. Hamlet centers on the problems arising from love, death, and betrayal, without offering the audience a decisive and positive resolution to these complications for Hamlet himself is ambiguous and the answers to these problems are complex.
William Shakespeare
In Shakespearean tragedies, thethe characters are presented with abnormal state of mind. But Shakespeare does not allow this abnormal state to be dominant action. It provokes the suffering to the protagonist. The supernatural elements in the dramas of Shakespeare are subservient to the main action. It provokes the protagonist to do certain actions. Shakespeare links the supernatural elements with the natural. Hamartia leads the downfall of the characters in Shakespearean plays. Hamartia is a kind of force that is already inherited in characters which works as a spiritual force. And it ultimately leads to destruction. The use of this force makes the Shakespearean tragedy different from the Greek tragedies.
It was a common tradition during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to borrow ideas and stories from earlier literary works. Shakespeare could have taken the story of Hamlet from several possible sources, including a twelfth-century Latin history of Denmark, a prose work by the French writer and Thomas Kyd's Ur-Hamlet.
In the original version Hamlet’s uncle murders the prince’s father, marries his mother, and claims the throne. The prince pretends to be weak to throw his uncle off guard, then manages to kill his uncle in revenge. But, Shakespearean version varies making his Hamlet a philosophical-minded prince who delays taking action because his knowledge of his uncle’s crime is so uncertain.
Shakespearean Hamlet can be studied as a Revenge play influenced by Seneca, the father of this genre. Shakespeare has revived the Senecan tragedy, in this sense, it is a Renaissance play. Here, Shakespeare uses the scene of violence, killing, murdering and bloodshed as Seneca used in his tragedy to satisfy the need of Elizabethan audiences. This revival made it Renaissance play. As a Renaissance character, Hamlet is suffering from the hangover between the medieval belief of superstition and reason, the belief of Renaissance. But, as a Renaissance student, he doubts on the appearance of the ghost. Hanging on the verge of scientific and superstitious belief is one of the features of Renaissance man. He doubts on the ghosts and thinks that it may be devil attempts to lure him to the crime. As a Renaissance character, Hamlet feels deeply and watches others to see what their feelings are. As a student of psychology, he experiments the crime through the similar story that matches to his father's killing. He wants to take revenge against his uncle when the crime is identified. And man centered philosophy of the Renaissance could be seen in the figure of Hamlet.
☆ “Hamlet” as revenge tragedy:
Yes this tragedy is revenge tragedy. Same situation like “Macbeth” tragedy. Revenge is most important part in this tragedy. Tragedy Of “Haffman" this tragedy is best example of revange tragedy.
☆ Introduction Character of this tragedy:
{1}Hamlet:
The prince of Denmark. Hamlet is the protagonist character of this tragedy. Hamlet is the central character. And he is also hero of this tragedy. Hamlet is the son of Gertrude and late king Hamlet.
{2} Claudius:
The king of Denmark . And Hamlet’s uncle , and the play’a antagonist. Claudius is villain of the play.
{3} Gertrude:
She is queen of Denmark . She is mother of Hamlet and she was recently married to claudius Gertrude loves Hamlet deeply , but she is a shallow, weak woman who seeks affliction and status more urgently than moral rectitude or truth.
{4} polonius :
The Lord Chamberlain Claudius’s court pompous, conniving old man. Polonium is the father of Laertes and ophelia.
{5} Horatio:
Horatio is close friend of Hamlet. Who is studied with the prince of university in Wittenberg. Horatio is the loyal and good person Throughout of the this play Horatio always held to Hamlet.
{6} Ophelia:
Ophelia is the daughter of polonius . She is very beautiful woman. Ophelia love with Hamlet ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl. Who is obeys her father and her brother, Laertes
☆ Theme of this play:
《1》 The Impossibility of Certainty
What separates Hamlet from other revenge plays (and maybe from every play written before it) is that the action we expect to see, particularly from Hamlet himself, is continually postponed while Hamlet tries to obtain more certain knowledge about what he is doing. This play poses many questions that other plays would simply take for granted. Can we have certain knowledge about ghosts? Is the ghost what it appears to be, or is it really a misleading fiend? Does the ghost have reliable knowledge about its own death, or is the ghost itself deluded? Moving to more earthly matters: How can we know for certain the facts about a crime that has no witnesses? Can Hamlet know the state of Claudius’s soul by watching his behavior? If so, can he know the facts of what Claudius did by observing the state of his soul? Can Claudius (or the audience) know the state of Hamlet’s mind by observing his behavior and listening to his speech? Can we know whether our actions will have the consequences we want them to have? Can we know anything about the afterlife?
Many people have seen Hamlet as a play about indecisiveness, and thus about Hamlet’s failure to act appropriately. It might be more interesting to consider that the play shows us how many uncertainties our lives are built upon, how many unknown quantities are taken for granted when people act or when they evaluate one another’s actions.
《2》The Complexity of Action
Directly related to the theme of certainty is the theme of action. How is it possible to take reasonable, effective, purposeful action? In Hamlet, the question of how to act is affected not only by rational considerations, such as the need for certainty, but also by emotional, ethical, and psychological factors. Hamlet himself appears to distrust the idea that it’s even possible to act in a controlled, purposeful way. When he does act, he prefers to do it blindly, recklessly, and violently. The other characters obviously think much less about “action” in the abstract than Hamlet does, and are therefore less troubled about the possibility of acting effectively. They simply act as they feel is appropriate. But in some sense they prove that Hamlet is right, because all of their actions miscarry. Claudius possesses himself of queen and crown through bold action, but his conscience torments him, and he is beset by threats to his authority (and, of course, he dies). Laertes resolves that nothing will distract him from acting out his revenge, but he is easily influenced and manipulated into serving Claudius’s ends, and his poisoned rapier is turned back upon himself.
《3》The Mystery of Death
In the aftermath of his father’s murder, Hamlet is obsessed with the idea of death, and over the course of the play he considers death from a great many perspectives. He ponders both the spiritual aftermath of death, embodied in the ghost, and the physical remainders of the dead, such as by Yorick’s skull and the decaying corpses in the cemetery. Throughout, the idea of death is closely tied to the themes of spirituality, truth, and uncertainty in that death may bring the answers to Hamlet’s deepest questions, ending once and for all the problem of trying to determine truth in an ambiguous world. And, since death is both the cause and the consequence of revenge, it is intimately tied to the theme of revenge and justice—Claudius’s murder of King Hamlet initiates Hamlet’s quest for revenge, and Claudius’s death is the end of that quest.
The question of his own death plagues Hamlet as well, as he repeatedly contemplates whether or not suicide is a morally legitimate action in an unbearably painful world. Hamlet’s grief and misery is such that he frequently longs for death to end his suffering, but he fears that if he commits suicide, he will be consigned to eternal suffering in hell because of the Christian religion’s prohibition of suicide. In his famous “To be or not to be” soliloquy.
Hamlet philosophically concludes that no one would choose to endure the pain of life if he or she were not afraid of what will come after death, and that it is this fear which causes complex moral considerations to interfere with the capacity for action.
The Nation as a Diseased Body
Everything is connected in Hamlet, including the welfare of the royal family and the health of the state as a whole. The play’s early scenes explore the sense of anxiety and dread that surrounds the transfer of power from one ruler to the next. Throughout the play, characters draw explicit connections between the moral legitimacy of a ruler and the health of the nation. Denmark is frequently described as a physical body made ill by the moral corruption of Claudius and Gertrude, and many observers interpret the presence of the ghost as a supernatural omen indicating that omething is rotten in the state of Denmark.”.? The dead King Hamlet is portrayed as a strong, forthright ruler under whose guard the state was in good health, while Claudius, a wicked politician, has corrupted and compromised Denmark to satisfy his own appetites. At the end of the play, the rise to power of the upright Fortinbras suggests that Denmark will be strengthened once again.
☆ Conclusion:
This play suggests many ideas. This play is revenge. I have compare with movie like Haider . Ending of the this play is very tragic. This give suggest many ideas like love ,revange, revange is not good for life etc.
☆ Reference:
<1> Wikipedia
<2> spark note
Paper :1
The Renaissance literature
Name : payal chudasama
Roll no:24
Sem: 1 M.A. part : 1
Batch: 2019-21
Email I’d:
chudasmapayal1997@gmail.com
Enrollment no: 2069108020200005
Submitted to:Dr. Dilip Barad sir smt.S.B Gardi English Department bhavanagar.
Topic : Discuss about the “Hamlet” play.
☆ Introduction of “Hamlet” play:
Hamlet is the first tragedy in Shakespeare's series of great tragedies which is believed to be published in between 1601 and 1603. This play is one of his successful, perfect and best plays ever known. Hamlet centers on the problems arising from love, death, and betrayal, without offering the audience a decisive and positive resolution to these complications for Hamlet himself is ambiguous and the answers to these problems are complex.
William Shakespeare
In Shakespearean tragedies, thethe characters are presented with abnormal state of mind. But Shakespeare does not allow this abnormal state to be dominant action. It provokes the suffering to the protagonist. The supernatural elements in the dramas of Shakespeare are subservient to the main action. It provokes the protagonist to do certain actions. Shakespeare links the supernatural elements with the natural. Hamartia leads the downfall of the characters in Shakespearean plays. Hamartia is a kind of force that is already inherited in characters which works as a spiritual force. And it ultimately leads to destruction. The use of this force makes the Shakespearean tragedy different from the Greek tragedies.
It was a common tradition during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to borrow ideas and stories from earlier literary works. Shakespeare could have taken the story of Hamlet from several possible sources, including a twelfth-century Latin history of Denmark, a prose work by the French writer and Thomas Kyd's Ur-Hamlet.
In the original version Hamlet’s uncle murders the prince’s father, marries his mother, and claims the throne. The prince pretends to be weak to throw his uncle off guard, then manages to kill his uncle in revenge. But, Shakespearean version varies making his Hamlet a philosophical-minded prince who delays taking action because his knowledge of his uncle’s crime is so uncertain.
Shakespearean Hamlet can be studied as a Revenge play influenced by Seneca, the father of this genre. Shakespeare has revived the Senecan tragedy, in this sense, it is a Renaissance play. Here, Shakespeare uses the scene of violence, killing, murdering and bloodshed as Seneca used in his tragedy to satisfy the need of Elizabethan audiences. This revival made it Renaissance play. As a Renaissance character, Hamlet is suffering from the hangover between the medieval belief of superstition and reason, the belief of Renaissance. But, as a Renaissance student, he doubts on the appearance of the ghost. Hanging on the verge of scientific and superstitious belief is one of the features of Renaissance man. He doubts on the ghosts and thinks that it may be devil attempts to lure him to the crime. As a Renaissance character, Hamlet feels deeply and watches others to see what their feelings are. As a student of psychology, he experiments the crime through the similar story that matches to his father's killing. He wants to take revenge against his uncle when the crime is identified. And man centered philosophy of the Renaissance could be seen in the figure of Hamlet.
☆ “Hamlet” as revenge tragedy:
Yes this tragedy is revenge tragedy. Same situation like “Macbeth” tragedy. Revenge is most important part in this tragedy. Tragedy Of “Haffman" this tragedy is best example of revange tragedy.
☆ Introduction Character of this tragedy:
{1}Hamlet:
The prince of Denmark. Hamlet is the protagonist character of this tragedy. Hamlet is the central character. And he is also hero of this tragedy. Hamlet is the son of Gertrude and late king Hamlet.
{2} Claudius:
The king of Denmark . And Hamlet’s uncle , and the play’a antagonist. Claudius is villain of the play.
{3} Gertrude:
She is queen of Denmark . She is mother of Hamlet and she was recently married to claudius Gertrude loves Hamlet deeply , but she is a shallow, weak woman who seeks affliction and status more urgently than moral rectitude or truth.
{4} polonius :
The Lord Chamberlain Claudius’s court pompous, conniving old man. Polonium is the father of Laertes and ophelia.
{5} Horatio:
Horatio is close friend of Hamlet. Who is studied with the prince of university in Wittenberg. Horatio is the loyal and good person Throughout of the this play Horatio always held to Hamlet.
{6} Ophelia:
Ophelia is the daughter of polonius . She is very beautiful woman. Ophelia love with Hamlet ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl. Who is obeys her father and her brother, Laertes
☆ Theme of this play:
《1》 The Impossibility of Certainty
What separates Hamlet from other revenge plays (and maybe from every play written before it) is that the action we expect to see, particularly from Hamlet himself, is continually postponed while Hamlet tries to obtain more certain knowledge about what he is doing. This play poses many questions that other plays would simply take for granted. Can we have certain knowledge about ghosts? Is the ghost what it appears to be, or is it really a misleading fiend? Does the ghost have reliable knowledge about its own death, or is the ghost itself deluded? Moving to more earthly matters: How can we know for certain the facts about a crime that has no witnesses? Can Hamlet know the state of Claudius’s soul by watching his behavior? If so, can he know the facts of what Claudius did by observing the state of his soul? Can Claudius (or the audience) know the state of Hamlet’s mind by observing his behavior and listening to his speech? Can we know whether our actions will have the consequences we want them to have? Can we know anything about the afterlife?
Many people have seen Hamlet as a play about indecisiveness, and thus about Hamlet’s failure to act appropriately. It might be more interesting to consider that the play shows us how many uncertainties our lives are built upon, how many unknown quantities are taken for granted when people act or when they evaluate one another’s actions.
《2》The Complexity of Action
Directly related to the theme of certainty is the theme of action. How is it possible to take reasonable, effective, purposeful action? In Hamlet, the question of how to act is affected not only by rational considerations, such as the need for certainty, but also by emotional, ethical, and psychological factors. Hamlet himself appears to distrust the idea that it’s even possible to act in a controlled, purposeful way. When he does act, he prefers to do it blindly, recklessly, and violently. The other characters obviously think much less about “action” in the abstract than Hamlet does, and are therefore less troubled about the possibility of acting effectively. They simply act as they feel is appropriate. But in some sense they prove that Hamlet is right, because all of their actions miscarry. Claudius possesses himself of queen and crown through bold action, but his conscience torments him, and he is beset by threats to his authority (and, of course, he dies). Laertes resolves that nothing will distract him from acting out his revenge, but he is easily influenced and manipulated into serving Claudius’s ends, and his poisoned rapier is turned back upon himself.
《3》The Mystery of Death
In the aftermath of his father’s murder, Hamlet is obsessed with the idea of death, and over the course of the play he considers death from a great many perspectives. He ponders both the spiritual aftermath of death, embodied in the ghost, and the physical remainders of the dead, such as by Yorick’s skull and the decaying corpses in the cemetery. Throughout, the idea of death is closely tied to the themes of spirituality, truth, and uncertainty in that death may bring the answers to Hamlet’s deepest questions, ending once and for all the problem of trying to determine truth in an ambiguous world. And, since death is both the cause and the consequence of revenge, it is intimately tied to the theme of revenge and justice—Claudius’s murder of King Hamlet initiates Hamlet’s quest for revenge, and Claudius’s death is the end of that quest.
The question of his own death plagues Hamlet as well, as he repeatedly contemplates whether or not suicide is a morally legitimate action in an unbearably painful world. Hamlet’s grief and misery is such that he frequently longs for death to end his suffering, but he fears that if he commits suicide, he will be consigned to eternal suffering in hell because of the Christian religion’s prohibition of suicide. In his famous “To be or not to be” soliloquy.
Hamlet philosophically concludes that no one would choose to endure the pain of life if he or she were not afraid of what will come after death, and that it is this fear which causes complex moral considerations to interfere with the capacity for action.
The Nation as a Diseased Body
Everything is connected in Hamlet, including the welfare of the royal family and the health of the state as a whole. The play’s early scenes explore the sense of anxiety and dread that surrounds the transfer of power from one ruler to the next. Throughout the play, characters draw explicit connections between the moral legitimacy of a ruler and the health of the nation. Denmark is frequently described as a physical body made ill by the moral corruption of Claudius and Gertrude, and many observers interpret the presence of the ghost as a supernatural omen indicating that omething is rotten in the state of Denmark.”.? The dead King Hamlet is portrayed as a strong, forthright ruler under whose guard the state was in good health, while Claudius, a wicked politician, has corrupted and compromised Denmark to satisfy his own appetites. At the end of the play, the rise to power of the upright Fortinbras suggests that Denmark will be strengthened once again.
☆ Conclusion:
This play suggests many ideas. This play is revenge. I have compare with movie like Haider . Ending of the this play is very tragic. This give suggest many ideas like love ,revange, revange is not good for life etc.
☆ Reference:
<1> Wikipedia
<2> spark note
Monday, 7 October 2019
Youth festival in 2019
Youth festival in 2019
Hello readers !
Youth festival organized in Maharaja Krishna Kumarshihaji bhavanagar university. This youth festival name is " रंग मोहन. " This youth festival started in 25 September to 28 September . This my first youth festival in my life because I have participated in the this festival. Some image like ,
I have participated in own creation in poetry. Kalayatara is good listen with my friend because I am not come to the first day in youth festival.
Skit,western song is good other activity Is good for example essay writing, drawing etc. Youth festival is good festival because youth give talent of society. And curiosity is development . Youth people isf ull learning in this festival.
This person came for observed in poetry writing. His work are good. Sorry but I forgot his work. I have written poetry in Gujarati language. This poem are:
શીર્ષક: લાડલી તું આવી જા
મારા આંગણે આવી હતી તું,
તો ઉપવન જાગી ગયુ.
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
આથમી ગયો દિ'ને ,
ચાલ્ય ગયા પંખીડા,
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
જોવા મથે છે આખો મારી,
થનગને છે આ મનડું
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
પાનખર આવી ગઈ, કૂપળો ફૂટી ગઇ
વરસી ગઇ યાદોની વાદલડી,
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
રોજ આમતેમ વલખાં કરી જાવ છું કબરે,
પણ જોને પગ થાકયાને રસ્તો ભટકી ગયો,
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
Another some photo like,
This image of western song. This participated give the good performed.
Other like in skit photo
This skit performed by English Department of bhavanagar university. This performed in good.
Thank you...
Skit,western song is good other activity Is good for example essay writing, drawing etc. Youth festival is good festival because youth give talent of society. And curiosity is development . Youth people isf ull learning in this festival.
શીર્ષક: લાડલી તું આવી જા
મારા આંગણે આવી હતી તું,
તો ઉપવન જાગી ગયુ.
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
આથમી ગયો દિ'ને ,
ચાલ્ય ગયા પંખીડા,
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
જોવા મથે છે આખો મારી,
થનગને છે આ મનડું
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
પાનખર આવી ગઈ, કૂપળો ફૂટી ગઇ
વરસી ગઇ યાદોની વાદલડી,
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
રોજ આમતેમ વલખાં કરી જાવ છું કબરે,
પણ જોને પગ થાકયાને રસ્તો ભટકી ગયો,
બસ લાડલી તું આવી જા.
Another some photo like,
Other like in skit photo
Thank you...
Thinking activity: paradise Lost
Thinking activity : paradise Lost
Hello readers!
I have give my opinion on the this work. This task given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir. I am student of development of English. Let's see the this work's question
Question:1
What is your understanding of human perspective and divine perspective?give illustration to support your understanding.
Answer:
"Paradise Lost " was written by John Milton. " Paradise Lost " is epic poem in black verse by the 17th century English poet Jhon Milton. The first version, published in 1667 , consists of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged in to twelve books with minor revisions throughout. This book aim " To justify the ways of god to men." About my opinion on the this book. perspective of satan.
In the first book of "paradise Lost" , created by Milton , it can most accurately be perceived as Milton attempting to give the reader a different perspective on satan, The greatest lost angel. In the first book of "Paradise Lost ' Milton writes about how satan was the absest angel to god . Milton's attempt at making satan a sympathetic character evolved after his original audience had seen it, because it modern times it is much easier to sympathize with satan than it was many years ago. The perspective of satan has changed a lit .in modern times, we view Milton's retelling of satan's story as a story of struggling against great odds ,in order to make satan a more attractive in his epic.
Another perspective like Eve character in this epic. She.is love with Adam. But her perspective is different.
Another perspective like Eve character in this epic. She.is love with Adam. But her perspective is different.
Question:2
How do your read the character of Eve as transgressed and yet defendable?
Answer:
I have read this book first time I have think about the Eve character. So Eve character is good character. This character suggests feminist perspective in this book. Eve eaten the fruit but she don't know what is satan give the punishment? She love with Adam. Why always women struggle for all situation? So Eve character always struggle in life. And I think book 9 paradise Lost Eve is changed . Eve defendable of rule and satan give the punishment Eve and Adam.
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Thinking activity: wordsworth and Coleridge
Hello readers,
I have give my opinion on poetry of wordsworth and Coleridge .This task given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir. I am student of English Department. Let's see the difference between William wordsworth and Coleridge poetry.
☆ Few Introduction of William wordsworth:
William wordsworth was an English Romantic poet who, with Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication " Lyrical Ballads "(1798).
Wordsworth definition of poet.and poetry as expressed in the preface " Lyrical Ballads." In preface to " Lyrical Ballads" wordsworth expresses his opinion about the function of a poet and the subject matter of poetry. He rejects the classical concept in his attitude towards poet and poetry. If the preface to the Lyrical Ballads, wordsworth defines poetry thus: " poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. " In this definition of poetry there are two apparent contradictions. The" spontaneous overflow o powerful feelings. " on one side and " emotion recollected in tranquility " on the other side are apparently two contradictory statements. " spontaneous overflow "must be immediate and unrestricted without any interval of time between feeling and its expression. The expression " recollected in tranquility " would suggest intervention of time between feeling and its expression. "Recollection " means remembering some impression after some lapse of time. Wordsworth himself has tried to reconcile this apparent contradiction in his further elucidation of his definition. Immediate impre5 has blending of both important and unimportant impressions. When they are allowed to rest for sometime, only the important impressions remain in the memory, and the unimportant ones wash away The poet would then express those powerful impressions spontaneously with ease and felicity without any impression of restriction in point of language or poetic diction. The poets expression of those powerful feeling must be easy, smoth and natural.
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☆ About Coleride view on poetry:
Coleridge is poet and philosopher. The work of Coleridge naturally divided in to three classes.
His poem synthesis poet’s emotion feeling. Coleridge is more musical than Wordsworth. In his poem include Imagination is very important for Coleridge , poem is synthetic and magical power. The difference is between the combination of those elements and objects. A poem has well known rhyme like; of the days in the several months,
“Thirty days hath September,
April, June and November”
Coleridge was deals with “persons and character supernatural’ According to Coleridge he also says that “Distinction resulting from the poetic genius itself which sustains and modifies, thoughts, and emotions of the poet’s own mind”
Poetry for Coleridge is an activity of the poet’s mind. The poem is merely one of the forms of its expression; According to Coleridge poetry should be ‘best world in best order’ and it delight from the ‘harmonious whole’
For example: human body
Coleridge’s critical analysis about the poem and poetry: his work Biographia Literaria is a great literary work, it has occupied a permanent position in the whole range of English literary criticism, and the critic discusses many important points form that. He has drawn some striking difference between poem and poetry. However, at the end of it we are not absolutely sure about the exact remarking between poem and poetry in its essence they are supposed to be the same.
In chapter XIV he puts a large number of questions regarding the nature and function of poetry and later on he answered them. He believes that metre is considered to be essential part of poetry but not come up with exact definition of the poetry. His comments on poem and poetry are artistic, philosophical and psychological.
At first it is necessary to know how Coleridge distinguishes a poem from prose composition. Coleridge says that a poem contains the elements as a prose composition. Both of them use words so there is no difference between a poem and a prose composition, in this respect Coleridge says-“ a poem contains the same elements as a prose composition” but one difference is to be noticed here that metre or rhyme both is used in the poem and they are not used in prose composition.
According to Coleridge the immediate purpose of a poem is to give pleasure to the reader and another thing is that everything else in the poem is supposed to be secondary it means Coleridge’s prime aim is reader. On the other side the immediate purpose is to communicate truth, a poem must possess an organic unity wherein metre, rhyme everything is used in a poem an artistic way while they are not used in the prose. Is metre is used superficially it can be a poem, but a poem cannot please us if there is no organic unity Coleridge thinks the main aim of poetry is only one and that is to give pleasure.
On the other hand Coleridge does not regard metre as essential for poetry he clearly says that poetry of highest kind may exist without metre.
He also believes that metre to be useful and necessary for writing poetry, he refers to Plato, Burnet, Jeremy who wrote without metre. Coleridge believes that rhyme and metre are essential in order to memorize what is written and to develop a certain kind of attachment to it by getting the feeling of the words through a particular rhyme or rhythm.
Coleridge distinguishes a poem from in his ‘Biographia Literaria’ by saying that poetry is a wider than a poem poetry is an activity of poet’s min but a poem is merely one of the form of expression. Poetic creativity is basically an activity of imagination he identifies imagination with the soul of poetry.
This distinction between poetry an poem is not clear to the core we are left with more questions than answers at the end of it we find, to sum up we can say that Coleridge’s distinction between poem and poetry is not clear enough by the word poetry he means all kind of imaginative activity. Only in his sense he has drawn a distinction between a ‘poem’ and ‘poetry’
A poem according to Coleridge contains the same elements as a prose composition because both using the words. The difference between a poem and a prose composition cannot then lay in the medium for each employs the same medium,
i.e. words
It must therefore “consist in a different combination of them in consequent of a different object being proposed”
Further he says that “a poem is that species of composition which is opposed to works of science by proposing for its immediate object pleasure not truth”
Coleridge gives no real justification of the old statement of a poem of any length neither can be or ought to be all poetry, poetry for Coleridge is a wider category than that of a poem.
Poetry is a kind of activity which can be engaged in painters or philosophers or scientists and is not confined to those who employ metrical language or even to those who employ language of any kind; poetry in this larger sense brings ‘the whole soul of the man’ into activity with each faculty playing its proper part according to its relative worth and dignity. This take place whenever the ‘secondary imagination’ comes into operation.
Coleridge points out that poetry of the highest kind may exist without metre and even without the contradistinguishing objects of a poem. The quality of the prose in this writings is equal to that of high poetry; he also asserts that the poem of any length neither can be nor ought to be all poetry, then the question is what the poetry is? How is it different from poem?
To quote Coleridge what is poetry? Is so nearly the same question with that what is poem? The answer to the one is involved in the solution of the other. For it is a distinction resulting from the poetic genius itself which sustains and modifies the images, thoughts, emotions of the poet’s own mind, thus the difference between poem and poetry is not given in clear terms.
John Shawcross writes:
“This distinction between ‘poetry’ and ‘poem’ is not clear, and instead of defining poetry he proceeds to describe a poet, and from the poet he proceeds to enumerate the characteristics of the imagination”
This is so because poetry for Coleridge is an activity of the poet’s mind and poem is merely one of the form of expression, a verbal expression of that activity and poetic activity is basically an activity of imagination, imagination is the prime source for the poet without that poet cannot write.
Poem is nature function as Coleridge explaining his idea and view towards it by saying that poem is a heart of reality work that poetry convey the feeling by rhyme and that took place as golden shield. A poem therefore may be defined as species of composition which is opposed to works of science by proposing for its immediate object pleasure not truth and from all other species it is discriminated by proposing to itself such delight from the whole as it compatible with a distinct gratification from each component part.