Hello readers !
Here on my blog. This blog related to five types of cultural studies. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir.
《1》 British cultural Materialism Click here.
《2》 New Historicism Click here.
《3》American Multiculturalism Click here.
《4》postmodernism and popular culture Click here.
《5》postcolonial studies Click here.
Some questions related this thinking Activity. So see this questions:
Question:1 Your understanding of British cultural Materialism in your own words.
Answer: The British critic Graham Holderness describes cultural Materialism as " a politicsed form of historiography " we can explain this as meaning the study of historical material within a politicized framework, this framework including the present which those literary texts have in some way helped to shape.
Cultural studies is referred to as " cultural Materialism in Britain. Mattew Arnold redefine the gives of British cultural. Edward Tylor argued that " cultural or civilization taken in its widest ethographic sense is a complex whole which " includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society ." Raymond William, karl Mark, Georgy Lukas Theordor Adorno Louis all are theorist of this culture. Click here.
Cultural Materialism began in earnest in the 1950s. With the work of F.R .Leavis, heavily influenced by Mattew Arnold 's analysis of bourgeois culture. Claude Levi-Strauss's influence moved British thinkersto again "culture" to primitive peoples, and then, with the work of British scholars like Raymand Williams, to attribute culture to the working class as well as the elite.
Question:2 what is contribution of Michael Foucault in new Historicism?
Answer:
The anti-establishment ethos of new Historicism was profoundly influenced by Foucault 's theories of power/ knowledge and Discourse .Foucault observed that the discourse of an era brings into being concepts, oppositions and hierarchies, which are products and propagators of power and these determine what is " knowledge ", " truth " and " normal" at a given time. Drawing onJeremy Benthan's nation of the panopitc surveillant state, that exerts its power through discursive practices. Click here.
Circulating ideology through the body- politic , Foucault highlighted the subtle , indirect oppression and the "capillary " modes of power that controls individuals and their knowledge,. His primary concernhas been with power's relationship to the discursive formations in socity that make knowledge.
Question:3 How can New Historicism help in answering the question raised against Laputa episode in Gulliver's Travels ?
Answer: In the flying Island and female analysis: gynecology and power in Gulliver's Travels. Susan Bruce offers a reading of Book three that makes some new Historicism. Sense out of Swift 's use of Laputa. Bruce tries together some seemingly disparete events of the years 1727, soon after the book wea published, including relations between eighteenth century midwives and physicians and a famous scandal involving a "monstrous birth" that rocked the Royal court.
Bruce examines a four volume commentary on Gulliver's Travels by one corolimi die Marco, in which the author gives a fairly dry account of this observations until he gets to the episode in Book Iv." A Voyager to the Houyhnnnms" in which Gulliver capture rabbits for foof. At that point, did march launches into a tirade.
Laputais gigantic trope of the female body: the circular Island with a round chasm at the center through whichthe astronomers of the Island descend to a domelije structure of the "Fandom Gangue" or " astronomers 's cave." Laputa has at its center a agains lodestone on which the movement of the Island depends. The floating physical structure of Laputa , is like a uterus andvagina; Gulliver andthe Aleutian 'sare able to enter this caving at will and control not only the movements of the lodestone and Island ,but ago the entire socity. As Bruceremarks", It is this which engenders the name of the Island. A Voyage to Laputa control of women. Means connected with sexuality reflected the contemporary debates of Swift 's day. This theory delves in to Gulliver's character, as a satirical device, and how it serves Swift 's ands by being both a mouthpiece for some of Swift 's ideals and criticisms. Gulliver's Travels is arguably the greatest satiric attempt to shame men out of their vices by constantly distinguishing between how man behaves and how he thinks about or justifies his behavior in a variety of situation.
Question:4 Expmplify four types of analysis of popular culture. Apply it on popular artefacts.
Answer : Environmental Impact of Popular Culture Popular culture is less likely than folk culture to be distributed with consideration for physical features. The spatial organiza-tion of popular culture reflects the distribution of social and economic features. In a globaleconomy and culture, popular culture appears increasingly uniform. Modifying NaturePopular culture can significantly modify or control the environ-ment. It may beimposed on the environment rather than spring forth from it, as with many folk customs.For many popular customs the environment is something to be modified toenhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote the sale of a product. Even if theresulting built environment looks "natural," it is actually the deliberate creation of peoplein pursuit of popular social customs.
☆DIFFUSION OF GOLF:
Golf courses, because of their provide a prominent example of imposing popular culture on the environment. A surge in U.S. golf popularity has spawned construction of roughly 200 courses during the past two decades. Geographer John Rooney attributes this to increased income and leisure time, especially among recently retired older people and younger
people with flexible working hours.
According to Rooney, the provision of golf courses is not uniform across the United States. Although perceived as a warm-weather sport, the number of golf courses per person isactually greatest in north-central states, from Kansas to North Dakota, as well as the northeastern states abutting the Great Lakes, from Wisconsin to upstate New York. People in these regions have a long tradition of playing golf, and social clubs with golf courses are important institutions in the fabric of the regions' popular customs. In contrast, access to golf courses is more limited in the South, in California, and in the heavily urbanized Middle
Atlantic region between New York City and Washington, D.C. Rapid population growth in the South and West and lack of land on which to build in the Middle Atlantic region have reduced the number of courses per capita. However, selected southern and western areas, such as coastal South Carolina, southern Florida, and central Arizona, have high
concentrations of golf courses as a result of the arrival oflarge numbers of golf-playing northerners, either as vacation-ers or as permanent residents.Golf courses are designed partially in response to local phys-ical conditions. Grass species are selected to thrive in the localclimate and still be suitable for the needs of greens, fairways,and roughs. Existing trees and native vegetation are retained ifpossible (few fairways in Michigan are lined by palms). Yet, likeother popular customs, golf courses remake the environment-creating or flattening hills, cutting grass or letting it grow tall,carting in or digging up sand for traps, and draining or expand-ing bodies of water to create hazards.Uniform LandscapesThe distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce more uniform landscapes. The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location will be similar to another. In fact, promoters of popular culture want a uniform appearance to generate "product recognition" and greater consumption.
☆ FAST-FOOD RESTAURANTS.
The diffusion of fast-food restaurants is a good example of such uniformity. Such restau-rants are usually organized as franchises. A franchise is a company's agreement with businesspeople in a local area to market that company's product. The franchise agreement lets the local outlet use the company's name, symbols, trademarks, methods, and architectural styles. To both local residents and travelers, the buildings are immediately recognizable as part of a national or multinational company. A uniform sign is prominently displayed. Much of the attraction of fast-food restaurants comes from the convenience of the product and the use of the building as a low-cost socializing location for teenagers or families with Beijing McDonald's. U.S. fast-food chains have diffused to other countries for example like China.
☆ Role of Television in Diffusing popular culture :
Watching television is an especially significant popular custom for two reasons. First, it is the most popular leisure activity in MDCs throughout the world. Second, television is the most important mechanism by which knowledge of popular culture, such as professional sports, is rapidly diffused across Earth. Diffusion of Television. Television technology was developed simultaneously in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, but in the early years of broadcastin theUnitedStatesheld a near monopoly.
Here on my blog. This blog related to five types of cultural studies. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir.
《1》 British cultural Materialism Click here.
《2》 New Historicism Click here.
《3》American Multiculturalism Click here.
《4》postmodernism and popular culture Click here.
《5》postcolonial studies Click here.
Some questions related this thinking Activity. So see this questions:
Question:1 Your understanding of British cultural Materialism in your own words.
Answer: The British critic Graham Holderness describes cultural Materialism as " a politicsed form of historiography " we can explain this as meaning the study of historical material within a politicized framework, this framework including the present which those literary texts have in some way helped to shape.
Cultural studies is referred to as " cultural Materialism in Britain. Mattew Arnold redefine the gives of British cultural. Edward Tylor argued that " cultural or civilization taken in its widest ethographic sense is a complex whole which " includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society ." Raymond William, karl Mark, Georgy Lukas Theordor Adorno Louis all are theorist of this culture. Click here.
Cultural Materialism began in earnest in the 1950s. With the work of F.R .Leavis, heavily influenced by Mattew Arnold 's analysis of bourgeois culture. Claude Levi-Strauss's influence moved British thinkersto again "culture" to primitive peoples, and then, with the work of British scholars like Raymand Williams, to attribute culture to the working class as well as the elite.
Question:2 what is contribution of Michael Foucault in new Historicism?
Question:3 How can New Historicism help in answering the question raised against Laputa episode in Gulliver's Travels ?
Answer: In the flying Island and female analysis: gynecology and power in Gulliver's Travels. Susan Bruce offers a reading of Book three that makes some new Historicism. Sense out of Swift 's use of Laputa. Bruce tries together some seemingly disparete events of the years 1727, soon after the book wea published, including relations between eighteenth century midwives and physicians and a famous scandal involving a "monstrous birth" that rocked the Royal court.
Bruce examines a four volume commentary on Gulliver's Travels by one corolimi die Marco, in which the author gives a fairly dry account of this observations until he gets to the episode in Book Iv." A Voyager to the Houyhnnnms" in which Gulliver capture rabbits for foof. At that point, did march launches into a tirade.
Laputais gigantic trope of the female body: the circular Island with a round chasm at the center through whichthe astronomers of the Island descend to a domelije structure of the "Fandom Gangue" or " astronomers 's cave." Laputa has at its center a agains lodestone on which the movement of the Island depends. The floating physical structure of Laputa , is like a uterus andvagina; Gulliver andthe Aleutian 'sare able to enter this caving at will and control not only the movements of the lodestone and Island ,but ago the entire socity. As Bruceremarks", It is this which engenders the name of the Island. A Voyage to Laputa control of women. Means connected with sexuality reflected the contemporary debates of Swift 's day. This theory delves in to Gulliver's character, as a satirical device, and how it serves Swift 's ands by being both a mouthpiece for some of Swift 's ideals and criticisms. Gulliver's Travels is arguably the greatest satiric attempt to shame men out of their vices by constantly distinguishing between how man behaves and how he thinks about or justifies his behavior in a variety of situation.
Question:4 Expmplify four types of analysis of popular culture. Apply it on popular artefacts.
Answer : Environmental Impact of Popular Culture Popular culture is less likely than folk culture to be distributed with consideration for physical features. The spatial organiza-tion of popular culture reflects the distribution of social and economic features. In a globaleconomy and culture, popular culture appears increasingly uniform. Modifying NaturePopular culture can significantly modify or control the environ-ment. It may beimposed on the environment rather than spring forth from it, as with many folk customs.For many popular customs the environment is something to be modified toenhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote the sale of a product. Even if theresulting built environment looks "natural," it is actually the deliberate creation of peoplein pursuit of popular social customs.
☆DIFFUSION OF GOLF:
Golf courses, because of their provide a prominent example of imposing popular culture on the environment. A surge in U.S. golf popularity has spawned construction of roughly 200 courses during the past two decades. Geographer John Rooney attributes this to increased income and leisure time, especially among recently retired older people and younger
people with flexible working hours.
According to Rooney, the provision of golf courses is not uniform across the United States. Although perceived as a warm-weather sport, the number of golf courses per person isactually greatest in north-central states, from Kansas to North Dakota, as well as the northeastern states abutting the Great Lakes, from Wisconsin to upstate New York. People in these regions have a long tradition of playing golf, and social clubs with golf courses are important institutions in the fabric of the regions' popular customs. In contrast, access to golf courses is more limited in the South, in California, and in the heavily urbanized Middle
Atlantic region between New York City and Washington, D.C. Rapid population growth in the South and West and lack of land on which to build in the Middle Atlantic region have reduced the number of courses per capita. However, selected southern and western areas, such as coastal South Carolina, southern Florida, and central Arizona, have high
concentrations of golf courses as a result of the arrival oflarge numbers of golf-playing northerners, either as vacation-ers or as permanent residents.Golf courses are designed partially in response to local phys-ical conditions. Grass species are selected to thrive in the localclimate and still be suitable for the needs of greens, fairways,and roughs. Existing trees and native vegetation are retained ifpossible (few fairways in Michigan are lined by palms). Yet, likeother popular customs, golf courses remake the environment-creating or flattening hills, cutting grass or letting it grow tall,carting in or digging up sand for traps, and draining or expand-ing bodies of water to create hazards.Uniform LandscapesThe distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce more uniform landscapes. The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location will be similar to another. In fact, promoters of popular culture want a uniform appearance to generate "product recognition" and greater consumption.
☆ FAST-FOOD RESTAURANTS.
The diffusion of fast-food restaurants is a good example of such uniformity. Such restau-rants are usually organized as franchises. A franchise is a company's agreement with businesspeople in a local area to market that company's product. The franchise agreement lets the local outlet use the company's name, symbols, trademarks, methods, and architectural styles. To both local residents and travelers, the buildings are immediately recognizable as part of a national or multinational company. A uniform sign is prominently displayed. Much of the attraction of fast-food restaurants comes from the convenience of the product and the use of the building as a low-cost socializing location for teenagers or families with Beijing McDonald's. U.S. fast-food chains have diffused to other countries for example like China.
☆ Role of Television in Diffusing popular culture :
Watching television is an especially significant popular custom for two reasons. First, it is the most popular leisure activity in MDCs throughout the world. Second, television is the most important mechanism by which knowledge of popular culture, such as professional sports, is rapidly diffused across Earth. Diffusion of Television. Television technology was developed simultaneously in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, but in the early years of broadcastin theUnitedStatesheld a near monopoly.
Question:5 Difference between modernism and postmodernism, if possible, give example also.
Answer: It is difficult to give a clear definition of modernism and postmodernism. It can be said that both are cultural currents that encompass in painting sculpture, literature and architecture over acertain period of time. Modernism arouse as certain responses to late modernity. Modernity a time period which started in the 17th century withthr transition from feudulism to capitalism. It is characterized by a scientific, secular world view and discourses of progress and rationalization. Modernism emerged around the time of second industrial revolution (1870 to 1920).which was marked by the decline of stable social classes,the beginning of professionalism, and asenss of urban alienation.
Postmodernism generally refers to cultural phenomena with certain characteristics that emerged afterthe second world war. When exactly postmodernism starts very according to nationalcontextsa d individuals. The boundary between modernism and postmodernism in many cases is fuzzy. There was some programmatic disavowal of modernism on the part postmodern, and yet postmodernism continued with and developed some modern ideas and techniques. Whether postmodernism should be seen as a definite break with .modernism or its continuation is a matter of ongoing critical debate.
Thank you...
Reference: Wikipidia
Answer: It is difficult to give a clear definition of modernism and postmodernism. It can be said that both are cultural currents that encompass in painting sculpture, literature and architecture over acertain period of time. Modernism arouse as certain responses to late modernity. Modernity a time period which started in the 17th century withthr transition from feudulism to capitalism. It is characterized by a scientific, secular world view and discourses of progress and rationalization. Modernism emerged around the time of second industrial revolution (1870 to 1920).which was marked by the decline of stable social classes,the beginning of professionalism, and asenss of urban alienation.
Postmodernism generally refers to cultural phenomena with certain characteristics that emerged afterthe second world war. When exactly postmodernism starts very according to nationalcontextsa d individuals. The boundary between modernism and postmodernism in many cases is fuzzy. There was some programmatic disavowal of modernism on the part postmodern, and yet postmodernism continued with and developed some modern ideas and techniques. Whether postmodernism should be seen as a definite break with .modernism or its continuation is a matter of ongoing critical debate.
Reference: Wikipidia
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