Assignment
🌸Name:Payal chudasama
🌸Sem: 2
🌸Batch: 2019-20
🌸Roll no: 17
🌸Submitted by: smt.Gardi Department of English MKBU
🌸Paper: 8 (cultural studies)
🌸Course: M.A. English
🌸Topic: Discuss about cultural studies.
🌸 Enrollment no: 2o691084202000005
⭐What is cultural studies?
Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power.Cultural life is not only concerned with symbolic communication, it is also the domain in which we set collective tasks for ourselves and begin to grapple with them as changing communities. Cultural studies is devoted to understanding the processes through which societies and the diverse groups within them come to terms with history, community life, and the challenges of the future.
⭐ About cultural studies:
Cultural studies deal with the historical aspect of people, their actions, narratives and the ideas that have been altered or copied over time. Cultural studies also express the language and various symbols that affect the mindset of people in different geographical locations. Many scholars look for research experts to give them a list of suitable cultural studies research topic ideas. As a student undertaking the cultural studies course, you will get a better understanding of different cultures and how they are reflected in people’s lives.
⭐ Five types of cultural studies : There are five types of Cultural studies. They are:
1 British Cultural Materialism
2. New Historicism
3 American Multiculturalism
4.Postmodernism and Popular culture
5. Post colonial Studies
👉1:British Cultural Materialism:
Cultural materialism in literary theory and cultural studies traces its origin to the work of the left-wing literary critic Raymond Williams. Cultural studies referred to as “cultural Materialism” in Britain and it has a long tradition.
“Cultural materialism is an anthropological school of thought.”
Cultural materialism says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine material conditions. Cultural materialism makes analyses based in critical theory in the tradition of Frankfurt School. In later 19th century Mathew Arnold sought to redefine the “givens” of British Culture. Cultural materialism furnished a leftist orientation critical of the aesthetic, formalism, ant historicism and a politicize common among the dominant post-war methods of academic literary criticism. Cultural materialism is also about culture or civilization.
Cultural studies emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s along with new historicism, an American approach to early modern literature, with which it shares much common ground. The term was coined by Williams, who used it to describe a theoretical blending of leftist culture less and Marxist analysis, Cultural materialists deal with specific historical documents and attempt to analyze and recreate the zeitgeist of a political movement in history. Ironically the threat to their project was mass culture. Raymond Williams applauded the richness of canonical forms of life. Williams viewed culture as a “productive Process”, part of the means of production and cultural materialism often identifies what he called “residual”, “emergent” and “oppositional” cultural elements following in the tradition of Herbert Marcuse. Antonio Gramsci and others, cultural materialists extend the class based analysis of traditional Marxism by means of an additional focus on marginalized.
Cultural Materialists analyze the process by which hegemonic forces in society appropriate canonical and historically important texts such as Shakespeare and Austen and utilize them in an attempt to validate or inscribe certain values on the cultural imaginary. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield authors of political Shakespeare had considerable influence in the development of this movement and their book is considered to be a seminal text. They have identified four defining characteristics of cultural materialism as a theoretical device.
◇ Historical Context
◇ Close Textual Analysis
◇ Political Commitment
◇ Theoretical Method
👉2:New Historicism:
New historicism is a school of literary theory which consolidates critical theory into easier forms of practice for academic literary theorists of the 1990s. It first developed in the 1980s, primarily though the work of the critic Stephen Greenblatt, and gained widespread influence of history.
New historians see such cross cultural phenomena as text in themselves. From Hayden White, cultural studies practitioners learned how figural relationships between present and past tropes are shaped by historical discourse from Clifford Gertz, they derived the importance of immersion in a culture to understand its “deep” ways, as opposed to distanced observation Carolyn Porter credits the emergence of American studies. Women’s studies and Afro-American studies on new historicism as a volatile new presence in literary criticism. “Sub-literary texts and uninspired non literary texts all came to be read as documents of historical discourse, side by side with “the great works of literature”. A typical focus of New historicist critics led by Stephen Orgel has been on understanding Shakespeare less as an autonomous great author in the modern sense than as a due to the conjunction of the world of Renaissance theater- a collaborative and largely anonymous free – for- all- and the complex social politics of the time. In this sense, Shakespeare’s plays are seen as inseparable from the context in which he wrote see Contextualise, thick description influential historians behind the eruption of the New Historicism are Fernand Braudel and the Annales School.
New historicism is often criticized for lacking a group of historiography as practiced by professional historians. As a postmodern form of historiography, new historicism denies the grand narrative of modernity, often taking relativist stances which deny scientific trans historical concepts or social forms.
👉3:American Multiculturalism:
Multiculturalism relates to communities containing multiple cultures. The term is used in two broad ways, either descriptively or informatively. It usually refers to the simple fact of cultural diversity. It is generally applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, sometimes at the level of organization.
Multiculturalism centers on the thought in political philosophy about the way to respond to cultural and religious differences. It closely associated with “identity politics”, “the politics of difference and “the politics of recognition”. Multiculturalism can refer to a demographic fact, a particular set of philosophical ideas, or a specific orientation by government or institutions toward a diverse population. The term multiculturalism is most often used in reference to Western nation states.
Mexican Americans were getting huge influx into the United States over the last fifty years, immigration patterns indicate that by the year 2050 Anglo-Americans will no longer be the majority, nor English necessarily the most widely spoken language. Administrators of the 2000 census faced multiple problems with its assignments of racial categories for many multiracial people did not identify with any.
👉4:Postmodernism and Popular Culture:
Postmodernism, like post structuralism and deconstruction is a critique of the aesthetic of the preceding age, but besides mere critique, postmodernism questions everything rationalists European philosophy held to be true, arguing that it is all contingent and that post cultural constructions have served the function of empowering members of a dominant social group at the expense of others. In the beginning, the mid 1980s postmodernism emerged in art, architecture, music film, literature.
Frederic Jameson sees artistic monuments like modernism and postmodernism as cultural formations that accompany particular stages of capitalism and are to some extent constructed by it. Postmodernism Lyatard, adds is characterizes by incredulity forward Meta narratives that serve to mask the contradictions and instabilities inherent in any social organization. Postmodernism prefers “mini narratives of local events”.
Postmodernism thus reflects both the energy and diversity of contemporary life as depth. The lines between reality and artifice can become so blurred that reality TV is new from television entertainment.
# Popular Culture:
Before 1960s there was a time when popular culture was not studies by academics when popular culture was not studies by academics when it was well, just popular culture. But within American Studies programs at first and then later in many disciplines including semiotics, rhetoric literary criticism, film studies and psychoanalytic approaches, critic examine such as cultural media as pulp fiction, comic books, television film, advertising, popular music and computer cyber culture. They assess how such factors as ethnicity, race, gender, class, age, region and sexuality are shaped by and reshaped in popular factor . Like :
1. Production analysis
2. Textual Analysis
3. Audience Analysis
4. Historical Analysis
👉5: Post colonial Studies:
Post colonialism refers to a historical phase undergone by third world countries after the decline of colonialism. Many third world countries focus on both colonialism and the changes created in post colonial writers are the attempts both to resurrect their culture and to combat the preconception about their culture. At first glance post colonial studies would seem to be a matter of history and political science rather than literary criticism.
Homi. K. Bhabha’s post colonial theory involves analysis of nationality, ethnicity and politics with poststructuralist ideas of identity and indeterminacy, defining post colonial identities as shifting, hybrid constructions.
Among the most important figures in post colonial feminism is Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, who examines the effects of political independence upon “subaltern” women in the Third World. Spivak’s subaltern studies reveal how female subjects are silenced by the dialogue between the male dominated west and the male dominated east offering little hope for the subaltern women’s voice to rise up admits the global social institution that opposes her.
⭐ Conclusion :
In short, the findings about culture can help leaders understand their own cultural biases and preferences. Different cultures have different ideas about what they want from their leaders, and these findings help our leaders adapt their style to be more effective in different cultural settings.
Reference:
👉《1》 Bennett, Tony, Lawrence Grossberg, Meaghan Morris, and Raymond Williams. New Keywords : A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
👉《2》 Grossberg, Lawrence. Bringing it all Back Home : Essays on Cultural Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
👉《3》 Grossberg, Lawrence. Cultural Studies in the Future Tense. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.
👉 《4》Grossberg, Lawrence, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge, 1992.
👉《5》Hall, S. (1986). On postmodernism and articulation: An interview with Stuart Hall. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10( 2), 45– 60.doi:10.1177/019685998601000204
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