Here on my blog. This thinking activity related digital humanities. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. He is head of English Department at Maharaja Krishna kumarshihaji bhavnagar University. Some questions related this activity so i have try to give you answers of this question.
Question: 1 Define Digital humanities
Answer:
An academic field concerned with the application of computational tools and methods to traditional humanities disciplines such as literature, history, and philosophy. Introduction to digital humanities: Click here.
■ Definition of digital humanities:
"The application of computational method to humanities research or to cultural heritage , or of humanities research methods to digital phenomena ." - Claire Warwick.
It's almost impossible to define the digital humanities. At the rudest or elementary level. The super- discipline privileges the manipulation of data sets to arrive at suprious , pseudo- scientific conclusions at the intersection of the social sciences and the humanities.
Question:2 what is it doing in English Department? Write any three reasons out of six given in the article by Matthew G. Kirschenbaum.
Answer:
👉《1》 There is the long association between computers and composition, almost as long and just as rich its lineage.
👉《2》 After numeric input , text has been by far the most traceable datatype of computers to manipulate. Unlike images, audio, video and so on , there is a long tradition of text based data processing that was within the capabilities of even some of the earliest computer systems and that has for decades fed research in fields like stylistic, linguistics, and author attribution studies, all heavily associated with English Department.
👉《3》 we see tge simultaneous exploration of interest in e- reading and e- book devices like the kindle, Ipad, and Nook and the advent of large scale text digitization projects, the most significant of course being Google Books.
👉《4》 The openness of English Department to cultural studies, where computers and other objects of digital material cultural become the center piece of analysis.
👉 《5》 A modest but much - promoted belle- lettristic project around hypertext and other forms of electronic literature that continues to this day and is increasingly vibrant and diverse.
👉 《6》 The widespread Mean to implement electronic archives.
Question:3 Do you think there is any need of it the study and research of literature?
Answer :
Yes, digital humanities is most important and need for research and literature. Digital humanities scholars use a variety of digital tools. Digital is only depend of tools. So many of tools use in research and literature. Digital tools for research. Digital humanities is becoming increasingly popular focus of academic endeavour. Humanities centers worldwide.
Question: 4 Can it help in study/ research of regional literature write in local language ( i.e. Hindi , sanskrit, Gujarati,Marathi, Tamil, Telugu etc.) As it helps in study of literature in English.
Answer: yes , we can see the example of Google. Many of people use of many languages in research and also in literature. Digital is very helpful. For example like wikipedia website. This website many of give choices of anguage for research and literature . We can see the one image :
Here on my blog. This thinking activity related culture of speed and the need for the culture of slow movement or slow philosophy. Click here . So culture connected with philosophy. So what is culture?Click here. I have give you ideas on Technoculture. See the one video:
Technoculture is a neologism that is not in standard dictionaries but that has some popularity in academia, popularized by editors constance penley and Andrew Ross in a book of essays bearing that little.
It is refers to the interactions between and politics of technology culture. Technocriticism also connectedClick here.
Every philosophy emerges as a reaction to, and justification for a particular culture. And it is for this reason that philosophy. Click here. May differ from one culture to another. It is argues that philosophy is an essential part of every culture. Philosophical traditions from all cultures and religions of the world. Philosophy helps to liberate the individual from the imprisonment of ignorance prejudice, superstition nerrow - maindedres and the the despotism of custom. Culture constitutes the raw data, the laboratory from which philosophers do their analytic experimentation. Culture is considered as philosophy of the first order activity. The author explores the work of major thinkers and cultural movements that have grappled with the complex relationships between technology, politics and culture.Click here. Subjects such as the internet cloning , warfare, fascism and virtul reality are placed with in a broad theoretical conect which explores show humanity might, through technology, established a more ethical relationship with the world. Examining the philosophy of writers such as Heidegger, Benjamin, Lyotard,virilio, and Zizek, and cultural movements such as Italian Futurism. The only thing for certain is that everything changes . The rate of change increases. If you want to hung on you better speed up. That is the message of totoday.
☆ what is slow movement?
The slow movement advocates a cultural shift toward showing down life's space.
It began with Carlo petrini's Protest against the opening of a McDonald's restaurant in pizza di spagna, Rome in 1936 that sparked the creation of slow food movement .Click here .Honore describes the slow movement thus: It is a cultural revolution against the notion that father is always better. The slow philosophy is not about doing everything at a snail's pace. It's about seeking to do everything at the right speed. Savoring the hours and minutes rather than just counting them. Doing everything as well as possible. It's about quality over quality in everything from work to food to parting." The slow movement was something capitalized.
☆ Speed of philosophy in slow movement:
Carl Honore's book " In praise of slow" first published in 2004, explored how industrialized society could think of slowness in terms of a movement with the potential to challenge the belief that " faster is always better." Since this time, the slow movement has evolved to more consciously embrace its practice of slow activism throughout the globe. Slow movement also fast in food. Click here. In part , this activism involves challenging our roles as passive consumers in capitalist systemClick here. Devoted to unchecked economic growth and exchange.
Reclaiming slowness extends also to cultural spaces devoted to " thought ." The equation of speed and haste with efficiency is embedded in a typical European style of instrumental rational thought. Where attention gives way to calculation,and thinking in general is reduced to an empty, technical manipulation and application of fast. Slow philosophy is the practice of resisting the kind of thought that in incapable of collecting itself , pausing, considering and contemplating. In this , it is a particularly deep- felt and critically reflective form of slow activism. Just as the slow movement draws in modern and contemporary ways, on non- dominant practices, so too does slow philosophy. Slow philosophy is the practice that challenges an instrument relation to life.Now this present time slow become fast. For example see the one video:
Slow movement also become fast in music. See the one video:
Here on my blog. This thinking Activity given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. This thinking Activity related William Shakespeare ' s "Hamlet" and Andrew Marvell's poem" To his coy Mistress." This tast related cultural studies paper. Question:1: If these two characters were marginalized in Hamlet, they are even more so in stoppard's handing . If Shakespeare marginalized the the powerless in his own version of Rosencrantz and guildenstern, stoppard has marginalized us all in an era when- in the eyes of some - all of us are caught up in forces behold oyr control.
☆ Two characters in Hamlet: Marginalization with a vengeance: 👉 Hamlet: Click here. Let us approach Shakespeare's Hamlet with a view to seeing power in its cultural context. Shortly after the play with in play, Claudius is talking privately with Rosencrantz and guildenstern, Hemlet 's fellow s3 from Wittenberg. In response to Claudius 's plan to send Hamlet to England, Rosenberg deliveres a speech that if read out of context is both an excellent set of of metaphors ( almost in the shape of a sonnet) and a summation of the Elizabethan concept of the role and power of kingship:
" The singular and peculiar life is bound With all the strength and armor of the mind To keep itself from noyance, but much more That spirit upon whose weal depends and rests The lives of many. The cease of majestry Dies not alone, but like a gulf doth draw What's near it with it. It is a massywheel Fixes on the summit of the highest mount, To whose huge spokes ten thousand lesser things Arw mortised and adjoined ; which, when it falls, Each small annexment, petty consequence, Attends the boisterous ruin. Never alone Did the king sigh but with a general groan."
Attention to the context and the speaker gives the answer. Guidenstern had just agreed that he and Rosencrantz would do the king's bidding. The agreement is only a reaffirmation of what they had told the kind when he first received them at court. Both speeches are wholly in character. Easy it is to forget which of the two speaks which lines. Indeed easy it is to forget most of their lines altogether. The two are distinctly plot - driven : empty of personality, sycophantic in a sniveling way, eager to curry favor with power even if it means spying on their erstwhile friends. Weakly they for". Even less successfully they try to play on Hamlet' s metaphorical " pipe" , know his " stops," , when they are forced to admit that they could not even handle the literal musical instrument that Hamlet shows them.
In today's world, women of all ages are given equal rights and freedom. In Shakespeare's time . In Shakespeare 's time, woman's obligations were to fellow the rules of the men and obey the men in their lives: " Frailty, they name is women" , Hamlet implies the powerlessness of the two women characters in the play. In Hamlet, the roles of Gertrude and ophelia are very important in that they are the two female characters in the Hamlet. In several instances earlier in this chapter we noted the cultural and new historical emphasis on power relationships. For example, we noted that cultural critics assume " oppositionnal " roles in terms of power structures, wherever they might be found. Veeser, we pointed out, credited the new historicists with dealing with " questions of politics, power , indeed on all matters that deeply affect people's practical lives". And of course there are the large emphases on power in the matter of Jonathan Swift's Laputa as previously noted. Claudius was aware of power, clearly, when he observed of Hamlet's apparent madness that " Madness in great ones must not unwatched go". With equal truth Rosencrantz and guildenstern might have observed that power in great ones alsi must not unwatched go. To say , then that the mighty struggle between powerful antagonists is the stuff of this play is hardly original. But oyr emphasis in the present reading is that one can gain a further insight into the play, and ineed in to Shakespeare's culture, by thinking not about kings and princes but about the lesser persons caught up in the massive opposition. It is instructive to note that the reality of power reflective of Shakespeare's time might in anothe time and in another culture reflect a radically different worldview. Question:2 The poem " To his coy Mistress " tell us a lot about the speaker, the listener and also the audience for whom it is written. But what does he show? As he selects these rich and multifarious allusions, what does he ignore from his culture? Andrew Marvell's " To His Coy Mistress " tells the reader a good deal about the poem, much of which is already clear from earlier comments in this volume, using traditional approaches. We know that the speaker is knowledgeable about and conventions of clssic Greek and Roman literature, abot other conventions of love poetry, such as the courtly love conventions of medieval Europe, and about Biblical passages. Brody posits the " implied reader" as distinc from the fictive lady who would " be able to summon uo a certain number of earlier or contemptuous example of this kindof love poem and who be counted on, inshort , to supply the models which Marvel may variously have been evoking , imitating, distorting, subverting or transcending ". The concept of the "implied reader"we may note, bulks large in reader response criticism, see , for example the work of Wolfgang Iser. The speaker knows all of these things well enough to parody or at least to echo them , for in making his proposition to the coy lady, he hardly expects to be taken seriously in his detailing. He knows that he is echoing the conventions only in order to satirize them and to make light of the real proposal at hand. He knows that she knows, fir she comes from the same cultural milieu that he dies. Andrew Marvell said that the speaker is highly educated person , and one whi is wekk read, one whose natural flow of associated images moves lightly over details and allusions that reflect who he , is and he expects his hearer or reader to respond in a kind if harmonic vibration. He thinks in terms of precious stones , of exitic and distant places of a milieu where eating, drinking, and making merry seem to be an achievable way of life . Beyond what we know of the speaker from his own wirds, we are justified in speculating that his coy lady is like the implied reader, equally well educated, and the therefore knowledgeable of the conventions he uses in paridy. He seems to assume that she understands the parodic nature of his comments , for by taking her in on the jests he appeals to her intellect, thus trying to know her two of them can beon the same plane in their thoughts and allusions, their smiles and jests, then perhaps they can shortly be together on a different and literal plane: literally bedded. Thus might appear to be the culture and the era of the speaker, his lady and his implied reader. Now consider historical reality, a dimension that the poem ignores. Consider disense.andreal and also present disease. Chronic morbidity of the population. Although the speaker thrusts disease and death into the future. We know that syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases were just as reak a phenomenon in Marvell's day as un our era. What was the realuty that the speaker chooses not to think about, as he pushes off death and rhe " vault" to sime distant time? Similarly, one might turn to a different that was ib some ways even more ominous, more wrenching , in its grasp of the mind and body of the general population. So disease was real in the middle of the seventeenth century . There neeeded no ghost to come from the world of the dead to tell Marvell's speaker about the real world. Perhaps the speaker and his lady knew it after all Thank you...
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Here on my blog. This Thinking Activity related feminism Click here .
The term ‘feminism’ was derived from the Latin word ‘Femina’ meaning‘woman’ and was first used with regard to the issues of equality andWomen’s Rights Movement. Ever since antiquity, there have been womenfighting to free their half of the total population of the world from maleoppression. Feminism is neither afad nor a logical extension of the civil rightsmovement, but the protest against the legal,economic and social restrictions onthe basic rights of women which have existed throughout history and in all civilizations. Naturally, the principles of feminism have been articulated long ago.
The definition of the term ‘feminism’ differs from person to person.
Chaman Nahal in his article, “Feminism in English Fiction”, defines feminismas “a
mode of existence in which the woman is free of the dependencesyndrome. There is
a dependence syndrome: whether it is the husband or the father or the community
or whether it is a religious group, ethnic group. When women free
themselves of the dependence syndrome and lead a normal life, my idea of
feminism materialises.”
☆ Gayatri Spivak view on feminism:
👉 few details of Gayatri spivak:
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is an Indian scholar, literary theorist and feminist critic. She is University professor at Columbia university. She is best known for her essay " Can the speak Subaltern Speak?" Click here. Spivak was awarded by the " kyoto prize in Arts and philosophy " and in 2013 .
She also received the Padma bhushan' award.
Feminism as a radical discourse has always been a challenge to Christian theology. The contemporary reconstructive feminist social thought. Click here. That signals a rudical epistemic shift in transnational politics, economics and culture invokes theology to re-locate its methodology and focus. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak' s reconstructive feminism. Re- positions contemporary feminist thought in a post - Marxist, post colonial, and post modern epistemolonial and context. Click here. Before padma Bhushan winner Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak rose to prominence. This video related post colonial feminist. Click here. It is was a very uni- dimensional, whitewashed experience that most of us millennials are lucky to have missed out on. Now Gayatri receiver of 11 honorary doctorates has redefined the representation of women who are notthe usual Western entities given attention in English literature. At the risk of being ironic ,spivaj has spoken for the Subaltern, or the marginalized, while vehemently arguing that noone should speak for them but they themselves. She also used example of "sati." Click here.
"The women, the Iconocast" Click here. Some people are defined by their work,and Spivak is one of them. She calls herself a " practical Marxist- feminist- reconstructionist." To put it simply ,she thought of the non- western women who never gets the space to represent herself, Gayatri had none of the "usual " trappings of an English professor or theorist.
● Another example of feminism in literature:
According to Alison food, 'women 's writing ' was a genre that took of much before than expected as women continued to write under pseudonyms. Click here. Women's writing from history. List of feminist literature. Another example like " Dropadi " ( Mahabharata). Her hasband five but she was not safe. Dropadi is best example of feminism in India.
Here on my blog. This blog related cultural studies paper. So i have discuss about main factor of this paper.
☆ Introduction of Indian culture: The culture of India refers collectively to the thousands of distinct and unique cultures of all religions and communities present in India. Click here.
Culture has two types:
(i) material, and (ii) non-material.
The first includes technologies, instruments, material goods, consumer goods, household design and architecture, modes of production, trade, commerce, welfare and other social activities. The latter includes norms, values, beliefs, myths, legends, literature, ritual, art forms and other intellectual-literary activities. The material and non-material aspects of any culture are usually interdependent on each other. Sometimes, however, material culture may change quickly but the non-material may take longer
time to change. According to Indologists, Indian culture stands not only for a traditional social code but also for a spiritual foundation of life.Indian culture is an invaluable possession of our society. Indian culture is the oldest of all the cultures of the world. Inspite of facing many ups and downs Indian culture is shinning with all it‘s glory and splendor. Culture is the soul of nation. On the basis of culture, we can experience the prosperity of its past and present. Culture is collection of values of human life, which establishes it specifically and ideally separate from other groups.
■Concept of Culture
The English word Culture‘ is derived from the Latin term ‗cult or cultus‘ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining a thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as Sanskriti‘ of the Sanskrit language.
Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in
and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one‘s outlook on various issues of life.
《1》 Frankenpheme in contemporary Indian culture:
I have give example of Robert movie.
The narrative closure depicts that the robot is decommissioned by the Judiciary/State and
kept in an A.I. museum and it decrees a death sentence for Dr. Vaseekaran. These diegetic
moments suggest a social constructivist approach towards scientific knowledge and the scientific community . Freed from his martial and oedipal fixations, Chitti’s posthuman capacity of digital memory becomes crucial to reveal Dr. Bora’s criminal psyche through his insertion of the red chip into Chitti, which absolves Dr. Vaseekaran from the conviction and guilt of catastrophic acts done by Chitti 2.0.
The film’s narrative defers the onset of the posthuman condition for some other time in the future, recognising its potential threats to humanity in the present. This is also corroborated by the detail that Chitti’s neural schema and his dismantled body parts are kept confined in the A.I. museum in the year 2030. Figure 5: Chitti in the A.I. museum in the year 2030. Courtesy: Sun Pictures. This also conected 2.0. Movie.
But it seems worth noting that the robot and the artificial intelligence that drives it acquire cataclysmic and warlike proportions only after Dr. Bora’s abuse of his knowledge and stature. Thus, the red chip becomes a metaphor for the “potentially destructive of human beings rather than simply raising a caution for posthumanising technologies. The decommissioning of Chitti also presents a critique of human morality.beings can lie to protect themselves” . As Chitti disassembles his bodyparts, he presents his observations regarding human beings. He says that human beings carry ‘red chips’ in their hearts which creates emotions like hatred, lies and dishonesty. The robot’s ontology permits it to erse such emotions by a simple removal of a chip from its (artificial) body; but human beings struggle to eliminate such vulnerabilities from their minds and heart.
☆ Any popular artist / writer and his market ( matirial condition) Introduction:
Before 1995, there was little market for twentieth century Indian fine. Art, that when artists, auction house, critics, and others defined a new product category. Commerce and other " market exchanges " by providing a bases for comparison and valuation. ☆ popular artist: Maqbool Fida Husain (1815- 2911) Click here . M..F. Husain born in pandharpur Maharashtra. Primary a self taught artist , Husain was part of revolutionary progressive arists grups. From 1948 to 1950 there were a series of exhibitionsof Husain 's painting all over India. By 1960s, his paintings exhibited in the are galleries of Prague and Zurich. Husain soon became a name synonymous with modern indian art due to his fearless depiction of his imagination. His famous paintings like:
Hello readers !
Here on my blog. This blog related to five types of cultural studies. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. 《1》 British cultural Materialism Click here. 《2》 New Historicism Click here. 《3》American Multiculturalism Click here. 《4》postmodernism and popular culture Click here. 《5》postcolonial studies Click here.
Some questions related this thinking Activity. So see this questions:
Question:1 Your understanding of British cultural Materialism in your own words. Answer: The British critic Graham Holderness describes cultural Materialism as " a politicsed form of historiography " we can explain this as meaning the study of historical material within a politicized framework, this framework including the present which those literary texts have in some way helped to shape.
Cultural studies is referred to as " cultural Materialism in Britain. Mattew Arnold redefine the gives of British cultural. Edward Tylor argued that " cultural or civilization taken in its widest ethographic sense is a complex whole which " includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society ."Raymond William, karl Mark, Georgy Lukas Theordor Adorno Louis all are theorist of this culture. Click here.
Cultural Materialism began in earnest in the 1950s. With the work of F.R .Leavis, heavily influenced by Mattew Arnold 's analysis of bourgeois culture. Claude Levi-Strauss's influence moved British thinkersto again "culture" to primitive peoples, and then, with the work of British scholars like Raymand Williams, to attribute culture to the working class as well as the elite.
Question:2 what is contribution of Michael Foucault in new Historicism?
Answer:
The anti-establishment ethos of new Historicism was profoundly influenced by Foucault 's theories of power/ knowledge and Discourse .Foucault observed that the discourse of an era brings into being concepts, oppositions and hierarchies, which are products and propagators of power and these determine what is " knowledge ", " truth " and " normal" at a given time. Drawing onJeremy Benthan's nation of the panopitc surveillant state, that exerts its power through discursive practices. Click here.
Circulating ideology through the body- politic , Foucault highlighted the subtle , indirect oppression and the "capillary " modes of power that controls individuals and their knowledge,. His primary concernhas been with power's relationship to the discursive formations in socity that make knowledge.
Question:3 How can New Historicism help in answering the question raised against Laputa episode in Gulliver's Travels ? Answer: In the flying Island and female analysis: gynecology and power in Gulliver's Travels. Susan Bruce offers a reading of Book three that makes some new Historicism. Sense out of Swift 's use of Laputa. Bruce tries together some seemingly disparete events of the years 1727, soon after the book wea published, including relations between eighteenth century midwives and physicians and a famous scandal involving a "monstrous birth" that rocked the Royal court.
Bruce examines a four volume commentary on Gulliver's Travels by one corolimi die Marco, in which the author gives a fairly dry account of this observations until he gets to the episode in Book Iv." A Voyager to the Houyhnnnms" in which Gulliver capture rabbits for foof. At that point, did march launches into a tirade.
Laputais gigantic trope of the female body: the circular Island with a round chasm at the center through whichthe astronomers of the Island descend to a domelije structure of the "Fandom Gangue" or " astronomers 's cave." Laputa has at its center a agains lodestone on which the movement of the Island depends. The floating physical structure of Laputa , is like a uterus andvagina; Gulliver andthe Aleutian 'sare able to enter this caving at will and control not only the movements of the lodestone and Island ,but ago the entire socity. As Bruceremarks", It is this which engenders the name of the Island. A Voyage to Laputa control of women. Means connected with sexuality reflected the contemporary debates of Swift 's day. This theory delves in to Gulliver's character, as a satirical device, and how it serves Swift 's ands by being both a mouthpiece for some of Swift 's ideals and criticisms. Gulliver's Travels is arguably the greatest satiric attempt to shame men out of their vices by constantly distinguishing between how man behaves and how he thinks about or justifies his behavior in a variety of situation. Question:4 Expmplify four types of analysis of popular culture. Apply it on popular artefacts. Answer : Environmental Impact of Popular Culture Popular culture is less likely than folk culture to be distributed with consideration for physical features. The spatial organiza-tion of popular culture reflects the distribution of social and economic features. In a globaleconomy and culture, popular culture appears increasingly uniform. Modifying NaturePopular culture can significantly modify or control the environ-ment. It may beimposed on the environment rather than spring forth from it, as with many folk customs.For many popular customs the environment is something to be modified toenhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote the sale of a product. Even if theresulting built environment looks "natural," it is actually the deliberate creation of peoplein pursuit of popular social customs.
☆DIFFUSION OF GOLF:
Golf courses, because of their provide a prominent example of imposing popular culture on the environment. A surge in U.S. golf popularity has spawned construction of roughly 200 courses during the past two decades. Geographer John Rooney attributes this to increased income and leisure time, especially among recently retired older people and younger
people with flexible working hours.
According to Rooney, the provision of golf courses is not uniform across the United States. Although perceived as a warm-weather sport, the number of golf courses per person isactually greatest in north-central states, from Kansas to North Dakota, as well as the northeastern states abutting the Great Lakes, from Wisconsin to upstate New York. People in these regions have a long tradition of playing golf, and social clubs with golf courses are important institutions in the fabric of the regions' popular customs. In contrast, access to golf courses is more limited in the South, in California, and in the heavily urbanized Middle
Atlantic region between New York City and Washington, D.C. Rapid population growth in the South and West and lack of land on which to build in the Middle Atlantic region have reduced the number of courses per capita. However, selected southern and western areas, such as coastal South Carolina, southern Florida, and central Arizona, have high
concentrations of golf courses as a result of the arrival oflarge numbers of golf-playing northerners, either as vacation-ers or as permanent residents.Golf courses are designed partially in response to local phys-ical conditions. Grass species are selected to thrive in the localclimate and still be suitable for the needs of greens, fairways,and roughs. Existing trees and native vegetation are retained ifpossible (few fairways in Michigan are lined by palms). Yet, likeother popular customs, golf courses remake the environment-creating or flattening hills, cutting grass or letting it grow tall,carting in or digging up sand for traps, and draining or expand-ing bodies of water to create hazards.Uniform LandscapesThe distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce more uniform landscapes. The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location will be similar to another. In fact, promoters of popular culture want a uniform appearance to generate "product recognition" and greater consumption.
☆ FAST-FOOD RESTAURANTS.
The diffusion of fast-food restaurants is a good example of such uniformity. Such restau-rants are usually organized as franchises. A franchise is a company's agreement with businesspeople in a local area to market that company's product. The franchise agreement lets the local outlet use the company's name, symbols, trademarks, methods, and architectural styles. To both local residents and travelers, the buildings are immediately recognizable as part of a national or multinational company. A uniform sign is prominently displayed. Much of the attraction of fast-food restaurants comes from the convenience of the product and the use of the building as a low-cost socializing location for teenagers or families with Beijing McDonald's. U.S. fast-food chains have diffused to other countries for example like China. ☆ Role of Television in Diffusing popular culture :
Watching television is an especially significant popular custom for two reasons. First, it is the most popular leisure activity in MDCs throughout the world. Second, television is the most important mechanism by which knowledge of popular culture, such as professional sports, is rapidly diffused across Earth. Diffusion of Television. Television technology was developed simultaneously in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, but in the early years of broadcastin theUnitedStatesheld a near monopoly.
Question:5 Difference between modernism and postmodernism, if possible, give example also. Answer: It is difficult to give a clear definition of modernism and postmodernism. It can be said that both are cultural currents that encompass in painting sculpture, literature and architecture over acertain period of time. Modernism arouse as certain responses to late modernity. Modernity a time period which started in the 17th century withthr transition from feudulism to capitalism. It is characterized by a scientific, secular world view and discourses of progress and rationalization. Modernism emerged around the time of second industrial revolution (1870 to 1920).which was marked by the decline of stable social classes,the beginning of professionalism, and asenss of urban alienation.
Postmodernism generally refers to cultural phenomena with certain characteristics that emerged afterthe second world war. When exactly postmodernism starts very according to nationalcontextsa d individuals. The boundary between modernism and postmodernism in many cases is fuzzy. There was some programmatic disavowal of modernism on the part postmodern, and yet postmodernism continued with and developed some modern ideas and techniques. Whether postmodernism should be seen as a definite break with .modernism or its continuation is a matter of ongoing critical debate.
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Here on my blog. Have give my opinion on ecocriticism and ecofeminism. Click here. Ecocriticism and ecofeminism is different. Some questions related this tow topic.
Question:1 what do you understand by the theory of Ecocriticism?
Answer : Ecocriticism is study of literature and the environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the varios ways literature treats the subject of nature. Cheryll Glotfelty's working definition in th Ecocriticism reader is that " Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the psychical environment." And one of the implicit goals of the approach is to recoup professional dignity for what Glotfelty calls the " undervalued sense of nature writing.
Question:2 what is your understanding of ecofeminism?
Answer: Click here.
Ecofeminism is a branch of feminism that sees environmentalism, and the relationship between women and the warth, as foundational to its analysis and practices. Ecofeminist thinkers draw on the concept of gender ti analyse the relationship between humans and the natural world.
Ecofeminism, like the social movements it has emerged from , is both political activism and intellectual critique. Bringing to gether feminism and environmentalism, ecofeminism argues that the denomination of women and the degradation of the environment are consequences of patriarch and capitalism. Any strategy to address one take in to account its impact on the other so that women's equality should not be achieved at the expense of worsening the environment and neither shoud environmental improvements be gained at the expense of women. Indeed, ecofeminism proposes that only by reversing current values, tgere by privileging care and cooperation over more aggressive and dominating behaviors, can both society and environment benefit.
The notion that women's and environmental domination are linked has been develooed in number of ways.
Here my blog. We are know about culture. And culture always like traditional thinking. I have give some questions.
Question:1 what is Culture?
"Culture " ,derives form of "Cultura" and " colere" meaning "to cultivate ". It also meant "to honor" and " project " by the 19th century in Europe it tastes of the upper class. Culture is the mode of producing meaning and ideas. This' mode' is a negotiation over which meaning are valid. Elite culture controls meanings because it controls the terms of the debate.
The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. This article is about culture as used in the social sciences and humanities of uses in the natural sciences. See ,cell culture and Tissue culture.
Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts , laws , customs , capabilities and habits of the individuals in these groups. Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of acculturation and socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across society. The word " Culture " itself it so difficult to pin down, "cultural studies " is hard to define. As far as cultural study is concerned, it has broader meaning because we see from various perspective than an individual can know what actually it lays in the meaing .
Question:2 what is cultural studies?
Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that concentrates upon the political dynamics of contemporary culture, its historical foundations , defining traits ,conflicts, and contingencies. Cultural studies researches generally investigate how cultural practices relate to wider systems of power associated with or operating through social phenomena, such as ideology, class structures , national formations, ethnicity ,sexaul orientation , gender, and generation. Cultural studies is the science of understanding modern socity, with an emphasis on politics and power cultural studies is an umbrella term used to look at a number of different subject. "Cultural studies is not a tightly coherent unified movement with a fixed agenda, but a loosely coherent group of tendencies, issues, and questions. "
Question:3 Four goal of cultural studies
《1》 Cultural studies transcends the confines of a particular discipline such as literary criticism or history:
Cultural studies transcend the confine of a particular discipline such as literary criticism or history,. Practiced in such junral as critical inquiry, representations , and boundary2, cultural involves scrutinizing the cultural phenomenon of text . For example Italian opera, a Latino telenovela, the architectural styles of prisons, body pircing and drawing conclusion about the change in textual phenomena obver time.
Cultural studies are not necessarily about literature in the traditional sense or even about "art". In their introduction to cultural studies , editors Lawrence grossberg nelson, and paula trencher emphasize that the intellectual promise of cultural studies lies in the attempts to " cut across diverse social andpolitical interests and address many of the struggles with in the current sense. "
Intellectual works are not limited by thier own " borders" as single texts, historical problems or disciplines, and the critic's own personal connections to what is being analyzed Amy also be described.
Henry Giroux and others write in their Dalhousie review manifesto that cultural studies practitioners are " resisting intellectuals ."
《2》 Cultural studies is politically engaged:
Cultural critics see themeselves as " oppositional " , not only within their own disciplines but to many of the power structures of the society at large. Thet question inequalities within power structures and seek to discover models for restructuring relationships among dominant and " minority" or "subalten" discourses. Because meaning and individual subjectivity are culturally constructed, thus they cane be reconstructed. Such a notion , taken to a philosophical extreme, denies the autonomy of the individual, whether an actual person or a character in literature, a rebuttal of the traditional humanistic " Greek Man" or "Greek Book" theory , and a relocation of aesthetics and culture from the ideal realms of test and sensibility into the arena of a whole society 's everyday life as it is constructed.
《3》 Cultural studies denies the separation of " high" and "low" or elite or popular culture:
Being a" cultured" person means acquainted with" highbrow" art and intellectual pursuits. Cultural critics work to transfer the term to include mass structure , whether popular, folk , or urban. Following theorists jean Baudrillard and Andeas Huygens, cultural critics argue that after World war 2 the distinctions among, high , low and mass culture collapsed, and they cite other theorists such as Pierre Bordeaux or Dick Hebdige on how " good taste" often only reflects prevailing social, economic, and political power bases. Drawing upon the ideasof French historian Michael de Certeau ,cultural critics examine " the practice of everyday life," studying literature as an anthropologist would, as a phenomenon of culture , including a culture 's economy
. Rather than determining which are the " best" works produced, cultural critics describe what is produced and how various productions relate to one another. They aim to reveal the political, economic reasons why a certain cultural product is more valued at certain times than others. " The Birth of Captain Jack sparrow: An Analysis " and " pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)" are some famous works and movies.
《4》 Cultural studies analysis not only the cultural work, but also means of production:
Marxist critics have long recognized the importance of such para literary questions as these : who supports a given artist? A well known analysis of literary production is Janice Radway' s study of the American romance novel and its readers, Reading the Romance: women, patriarchy and popular literature, which demonstrates the textual effects of the publishing industry 's decisions about books that will minimize its financial risks. Reading in America, edited by Cathy N . Davidson , which includes essay on literacy and gender in colonial New England; urban magazine audiences in Eighteenth century New York city; the impact upon reading of techical innovations as cheaper eyeglasses , electric lights, and trains ; the Book of the Month Club ; and how writers and texts go through fluctuations of popularity and canonicity. These studies help us recognize that literature does not occur in a space seprate from other concerns of our lives.
Question: 4 How is understanding " power" at the center of cultural studies?
About my opinion on this t video Power is most important in society. For example like democracy power. So why democracy is important in society? In this video related political power. So political power is most important in society.
Question: 5 Display your understanding of these topics with unique example. You can also write about the example discussed in the class.
Cultural studies related religious, nation , society, etc. So cultural studies depend of many thinks. Cultural studies is not production. Power is most important in society. And i have cultural studies connected with literature. We can see the many book in literature.
An academic field concerned with the application of computational tools and methods to traditional humanities disciplines such as literature, history, and philosophy. Introduction to digital humanities: Click here. 
It's almost impossible to define the digital humanities. At the rudest or elementary level. The super- discipline privileges the manipulation of data sets to arrive at suprious , pseudo- scientific conclusions at the intersection of the social sciences and the humanities. 
Yes, digital humanities is most important and need for research and literature. Digital humanities scholars use a variety of digital tools. Digital is only depend of tools. So many of tools use in research and literature. Digital tools for research. Digital humanities is becoming increasingly popular focus of academic endeavour. Humanities centers worldwide.
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